Globalisation and English Essay

agree to the researchers from the Levin Institute, valet de chambre-wideisation is defined as a parade of int seasonction and integration among the hatful, companies, and political relations of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology. This process has heart and souls on the environment, on refining, on governmental systems, on scotch victimization and prosperity, and on serviceman physical eudaemonia in societies nigh the world.1 Coleman (2006 2) considers that orbicularization is characterized by the compression of clipping and geographical distance, the reduction of diversity through intensified trade and talk, and raw(a) genial relationships marked by reduced topical anaesthetic anaesthetic military group and influence. grayness (2002 152) considers that a series of parts atomic number 18 associated with this phenomenon, including the rise of transnational corporations (which ch aloneeng e the self-reliance of the nation-state), the interconnection which goes beyond national boundaries, the development of technologies which compress space and time and make colloquy instantaneous and increasing cultural hybridization. The combination of these factors generates deuce visions on the present and proximo, an apocalyptical dystopia or the image of the humanity at the beginning of a spick-and-span era of civilisation. Berger (2003 2) describes the utopian perspective as the promise of an international civil society, conducive to a new era of peace and democratization. The dystopian nightmare implies the threat of an American economic and political hegemony, with its cultural consequence being a homogenized world resembling a sort of metastasized Disneyland (charmingly c aloneed a cultural Chernobyl by a French government official).As Berger and m either a nonher(prenominal)s rightfully nonice, there is indeed an emerging global culture, with an American origin and content, which Berger describes employ a phrase belong to the Chilean historian Claudio Veliz the classical phase of Anglo-American civilization. The formulation is clearly dissociated from whatsoever interpretation in terms of imperialism, as Greece had no imperial place by the time the civilized world was described as Hellenistic. correct though the United States engender today a undischarged underwrite ofpower, its culture is non imposed glob in ally be means of force.During the Hellenistic times, the main vehicle for cultural propagation was lyric poem, the basic and vulgar Greek, Koine. The manage a shot koine seems to be side, that new tongue franca for the new emerging global culture, which the world cosmea apprehend for practical priming coats. position has fabricate the average of international, economic, technological and scientific communication, however much this may enrage intellectuals in certain places or the world, much(prenominal) as France or Q uebec. Millions of pot all over the world learn side of meat beca engage they want to take unwrap in this global communication, not beca utilisation they want to read Shakespeare in the original. As Fishman puts it, whether we consider incline a killer style or not, whether we go through its air as benign globalization or linguistic imperialism, its high-minded reach is undeniable and, for the time being, unstoppable. Never in advance in human history has one style been spoken (let alone semi-spoken) so wide and by so numerous.(cf. Fishman, 1999 26)Crystal (1997 13) notices that the reason why a spoken wording becomes a global language does not be possessed of much to do with the list of people who use it. It is much to a greater extent important who those pronounceers are. Latin became an international language throughout the Roman Empire, alone this was not because the Romans were much numerous than the peoples they subjugated. The writer goes on arguing that language has no separatist existence, living in rough sort of mystical space isolated from the people who cover it. Language exists only in the brains and mouths and ears and hands and look of its users. Consequently, when they succeed, on the international stage, their language succeeds. When they fail, their language fails with them. A language does not become a global language as it possesses special natural structural properties, or because of the size of its lexicon, or because it has been a vehicle of a great literature in the past, or because it was once associated with a great culture or religion. These factors can motivate someone to learn a language, of course, still none of them alone, or their combination can ensure a languages world pass on. A language has traditionally become an international language for one antique reason the power of its people especially their political and military power.Still,according to Crystal, the international language ascendenc y is not entirely the result of military might. It may take a militarily powerful nation to establish a language, but it takes an economically powerful one to maintain and expand it. This was the case in the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries, when economic developments began to operate on a global case and support the new communication technologies telegraph, telephone, radio and fostered the emergence of fateive international organizations. The development of a competitive industry and business led to an effusion of international commercialiseing and advertising. Also, the technology, chiefly in the form of movies and records, fuelled new mass entertainment industries which had a worldwide impact. As Crystal rightfully underlines it, any language at the centre of such an explosion of international natural action would suddenly have found itself with a global status. position, he sustains, was in the right place at the right time. During the nineteenth century, Britain had become the worlds collaring industrial and trading country. At the end of the century, the population of the USA was larger than that of any of the countries of Europe, and its economy was the most productive and the express growing in the world. During the twentieth century, this world presence was maintained and promoted through the economic supremacy of the American superpower. Politics was replaced by economics the chief driving force. And the language butt the US dollar was position. The American slope, as any other language, carries with it a cultural freight of cognitive, normative and worked up connotations which insinuate themselves in the consciousness of those who handle it. According to Berger (2000 427), it makes sense to acquire that the attractiveness of slope, especially of its American form, is cod at least in part to its capacity to express the sensibilities of a dynamic, pluralistic and rationally mod world.The prospect that a lingua franca is take aimed for the entire world emerged strongly during the twentieth century, when various international bodies (such as United Nations, UNESCO or UNICEF) came into being. The need to adopt a unique lingua franca in order to promote communication in such contexts is obvious, as the alter natural would be dearly-won and impracticable multi- flair translation facilities. The need for a global language is specially appreciated by the international academic and business communities, composed of members with a large variety of mother tongues, as well as in thethousands of individual contacts being made daily around the world, as people present tense have become more mobile, both physically and electronically, due to the invention of the Internet. There are umteen considerable benefits which would flow from the existence of a global language but several commentators have pointed to practicable endangerments which may emerge from the existence of a unique lingua franca. Johnson (2009 132) has place three paradoxes of thought regarding the status of side as a so-called lingua franca, each of these conflicts being interlinked with the others. The first paradox is an illustration of the general disagreement on whether English should be considered a powerful economic tool for development and commerce, or its rise is a dangerous implement which reinforces and creates new inequalities based on English-proficiency.There is also a risk that that those who speak English as their mother tongue leave mechanically be in a position of power compared with those who have to learn it as an official or foreign language. For example, a scientist with another native language than English will need more time to put on a report in English and consequently, less time to bestow out his or her own scientific research. Moreover, if his or her work is indite in other language than English, there is a chance that he or she will have his or her work ignored by the international sc ientific community. A different scenario could be that of the senior managers who do not have English as their mother tongue and catch out themselves working for English-language companies these persons could find themselves at a disadvantage compared with their mother-tongue colleagues, especially when meetings consume the use of informal speech. Crystal (2007 16) claims that there is already anecdotal differentiate to suggest that these things happen.Knowledge of English is a powerful tool for development and advancement throughout the world and fluency in English is seen as a step forward in the peoples exertion for self-sufficiency and success. The increase in global interactions has stimulated demand for more efficient communication across lingual borders. A twinkling reason for the popularity of English among the world population is the languages association with all things novel, most likely thanks to American pop culture. only when recently, observers of the spread of English have pointed that English is not only adjuvant but is becoming increasingly indispensable for success in the nowadays world, leaving those who do not speakit behind.Researchers have noted that publications create verbally in languages other than English have a considerably humble impact, being less cited than English-language works. Various advertising companies make intensive use of the lingual imagery, using English when they want to express globality, modernism, and progressivism. In this manner, the English language continues its growth, owing its popularity to the financial benefits of those using it and to the attractive lifestyle images committed to it. For many, from rich business executives to low-income students, English and its command has been constructed as language power of opportunity, free of the limitations that the ambitious attribute to their native languages (cf. Johnson, 2009 134). The English-only systems are accused of infringement of the equali ty of opportunity and lingual rights should be protected like other human rights, instead of being left to market forces, but on the other hand, the role of English in bringing prosperity to those who use it cannot be ignored. English, like any other economic tool, is not as and universally available and may function as a new dividing line in the quest for progress. Fishman argues that spreading languages often come to be hated because they can disadvantage many as they provide advantages for some. (1999 28).The abstract devoted recently to the spread of English has got precisely to the point that English is not only swear outful but is becoming increasingly necessary for success in the working world, leaving those who do not speak it behind. This system which rewards English-speakers and leaves the rest outside is highly questionable. On the one hand, all skills, including lingual ability, should be awarded on the other hand, the ability in a language which is native to some and the educational access to which is nor fairly spread should not count for more than ones field-related expertise.A guerilla conflict Johnson draws attention upon has emerged with regard to culture. There are voices claiming that English language is an imperialist and homogenizing force detrimental to the worlds diversity of cultures, firearm others consider that the English language is separating from its culture of origin and actually facilitating cross-cultural dialogue. English is considered the carrier of the images of globalization, threatening not only to make those who speak it more alike, but to mould them in the culturally-specific American image that it carries in its syntax. Englishmay be the tool for communicating used by the international elite, and consequently the language of choice for those who aspire to gain this status, but languages are more than mere modes for communication. They are also the carriers of entire perspectives upon the world, the containers of c ulture and identity. While this means that decreasing lingual diversity can lead to the loss of irreplaceable bodies of knowledge and tradition, it also reinforces the influence of those who hold such power. (Johnson, 2009 137)As there is a direct but also a subtle connection between the way the speakers understand the world around them and the language they speak to communicate, using lingual power is a particularly effective modality to spread ones influence. Many assimilators business organisation that the brand of Americanized cosmopolitanism threatens not to celebrate diversity, but to destroy, or dilute in the best case-scenario, the cultures in its path. On the positive side, the rise of English is considered a positive development for culture, linking people who come from a wide arrange of backgrounds and allowing speakers to share their culture and ideas with a larger audience. But many of modern English students are not very interested in becoming culturally American bu t more eager in encyclopaedism English for international purposes, many times related to their careers.International communication through English is more and more characterized by interactions between those who speak it as a second language rather than by communication between native speakers. It is true that the balance of power may have determined that English would become the dominant global language, but the language in itself can no longer be understood as functioning exclusively to serve the interests of English-speaking states. In sport, business, entertainment or advertising, English is being more and more used as a communication tool, and various scholars in the field claim that this is only fortify global cultural awareness and the appreciation of diversity. But, according to Graddol, (1997 3) the language is at a critical moment in its global career inside a decade or so, the number of people who speak English as a second language will exceed the number of native speak ers. The implications of this shift are very important the centre of billet related to the language will move from speakers to the global resource. Their literature and goggle box may no longer provide the focal point of a global English language culture, their teachers no longer form the noncontroversial authoritative models forlearners. The increasing adoption of English as a second language by people belonging to various communities, where it takes on local forms, is leading to atomization and diversity.The third conflict noticed in the psychoanalysis of the rise of English has to do with the permanence of its ascendancy. Many observers believe that English is just another lingua franca but there are persons who anguish that its rise with the rapid globalization means that it is a more permanent, and plausibly more dangerous, phenomenon. Phillipson (1996 429) notices that English has acquired a narcotic power in many parts of the world, an addiction that has long term conse quences that are far from clear. For some scholars the pre-eminence of the English language is nothing more than a passing phase. Johnson (2009 141) cites Fishman, who claims that historically, languages have risen and fallen with the military, economic, cultural or religious powers that supported them. Russian, for example, was the indisputable language of power from Berlin to Beijing until the fall of the ideological system that supported it. Since then, English has taken its place, supported by the political and economic forces behind it. But there are many reasons to believe that the heyday of the English language will not long outlive the powers that have propelled it. different languages, large or small, may gain more impressiveness, and one abbreviate of this future tense development is that the widespread popularity of English means that ability in other languages will become equally, if not more, valuable for employment in specific fields. Even though English is the too l of todays global communication, regional lingua francas like Arabic, Chinese, Spanish, or Swahili are more effective modes to reach greater, even if less affluent, groups of people. Fishman claims Indeed, for all the enthusiasm and vituperation generated by grand-scale globalization, it is the growth in regional interactions trade, travel, the spread of religions, interethnic marriages that touches the widest array of local populations. These interactions promote the spread of regional languages. (1999 39) Regional languages are gaining more splendor as the societies who speak them gain economic influence and power on the global level. It is agreed that it wont be long before they become major competitors to the English language.Johnson (2009 142) also sustains that lasting English language dominance isunlikely because of the basic human tendency to resist domination. According to her, trends that are perceived as hegemonic can have the indirect effect of producing a backlash, p rompting groups to hold on more tightly to their local identities. Fishman (199940) explains that languages serve a strong symbolic function as a clear mark of authenticity and are inextricably tied to a communitys sense of identity. Still, no other language in recorded history has ever been spoken as widely as English. Many of the languages existing in the world have lost the vocabulary to describe certain realities and the non-adaptation of new or technical English words to other languages can mean the disappearance of many scholarly traditions belonging to these cultures.As Crystal (1997 139) underlines, there has never been a language so widely spread or spoken by so many people as English. There are therefore no precedents to help us see what happens to a language when it achieves genuine world status. The way the global use of English will influence the world is not an answer to be found easily, but being aware of its importance will help us maximize the benefits and minimize its costs. Graddol (1997 3) describes two competing trends which will give rise to a less predictable context at heart which the English language will be learned and used on the one hand, the use of English as a global lingua franca requires intelligibility and the setting and maintenance of standards on the other hand, the increasing adoption of English as a second language, where it takes on local forms, is leading to fragmentation and diversity. Therefore, there is no way of precisely predicting the future of English since its spread and continued vitality is driven by such contradictory forces.The future of English is likely to be a complex and plural one. The language will probably grow in usage and variety, yet simultaneously diminish in relative global importance. We may find the hegemony of English replaced by an oligarchy of languages, including Spanish and Chinese. In economic terms, the size of the global market for the English language may increase in absolute terms, bu t its market share will probably fall.Fishman (1999 39) tries to look ahead into the future making guesses about the future of the global language of the contemporary world. In his opinion,English may well gravitate increasingly toward the higher social classes, while the members of the lower classes will turn towards regional languages accepting more modest gains. He fears that most non-native English speakers may come to like and accept the language far less in the twenty-first century than most native speakers are ready to anticipate. The premises are already obvious the Germans are alarmed by the fact that their researchers are using overwhelmingly English in order to publish the results of their studies. Also, France seems to remain highly resistant to English in mass media, diplomacy, and technology.Much as English may be learned today, it could become even more widely disliked. Resentment of both the predominance of English and its tendency to spread along class layers could in the future prove a key factor against its further globalization. After the regional rivals of English experience their own growth, there is no reason to assume that the language will still be necessary for technology, higher education, and social mobility. Fishman rightfully comments that civilization will not sink into the sea if and when that happens. When French language experienced a aggravate from its peak of influence this did not mean an irreparable harm on art, music, or diplomacy. Similarly, the dip of German did not harm the exact sciences.The scholar brings into discussion the examples of ancient Greek, Aramaic, Latin, and Sanskrit which were once world languages representing military might, sophistication, commerce, and spirituality and which are mere relics in the modern world. Likewise, the power of English will not outlive for long the technical, commercial, and military supremacy of the Anglo-American giant, when a stronger power appears to quarrel it. Fishman concludes that the fact that the use of English around the world might downfall does not necessarily determine the values associated today with its spread to decline at the same time. Ultimately, democracy, international trade, and economic development can spread out in any tongue.BibliographyBerger, P., 2000, Four Faces of Global Culture, in OMeara, P., Mehlinger, H., Krain, M. 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