Solving Problems

In this essay, I will earn cardinal problems from our textual matter Elementary and Intermediate Algebra I will solve problem 56 on page 437 and problem 10 on page 444. For my primary problem, I will choose an appropriate variable to helper solve the comparison, for my second equality I will identify the form of the equation I end up with once it is solved. I will as well introduce five math vocabulary words, they are, extraneous, proportion, cross reproduce, and extreme- actor and the will be in bold.Problem tally 56 states To estimate the size of the stop creation on the Keweenaw Peninsula, Conservationists captured, tagged, and released 50 nears. One year later, a random model of 100 bears included only 2 tagged bears. What is the conservationists estimate of the size of the bear population? This is a ratio equation and my variable will be b, b= bear population b =10050 2 2*b= 50*100 cross multiply the extreme-means 2b=5000 b= 5000 2 b= 2500 bears 2500 is the conserv ationists estimation of the bear population. This equation is not an extraneous solution because the denominator does not equal zero.Problem number 10y-1= -3 this problem is a proportion x+3 4 (y-1)*4=(x+3)-(-3) cross multiply the x and y which are the extreme and means 4y-4=-3x-9 distribute the 4 and the -3 4y=-3x-9+4 add 4 to both sides 4y=-3x-5 set out both sides by 4 y= -3 x-5 both of these fractions are in parentheses the x and are outside the () 4 4The linear equation in the form of y=mx+b with the slope of -3,4This essay discussed two problems from our textbook Elementary and Intermediate Algebra. It introduced five vocabulary words to help explain the steps in solving the two problems, those vocab words are extraneous, proportion, cross multiply, and extreme-means. This essay identify the variable in problem one, and identified the form of the equation in problem two.Reference Dugopolski, M. (2012). Elementary and intermediate algebra (4th ed.). mod York, NY McGraw-Hill P ublishing.

Cosmetic Industry

world(prenominal) Cosmetics Manufacturing Industry Over the by five years, the Global Cosmetics Manufacturing effort has experienced steady growth. According to IBISWorld industry analyst Nikoleta Panteva, The past five years stick been no exception, despite declining per capita disposable income in key securities industrys. Industry Analysis & Industry Tr end ups The global decoratives industry is un companionshiped down into six main categories skincargon being the oversizest one bring out of them all, accounting for 31 percent of the global market. * Revenue $243bn Annual issue 08-13 3, 0 %. However, there are certain component parts which affect the entry to the ornamental industry by firms. These cyphers can be briefly analyzed development the Porter Five forces analysis. They include the threat of substitutes, threat of untested entry, negotiate power of clients and suppliers as well as intensity of rivalry in the industry. Threat of new entry This factor analy zes the ease with which firms may tape into an industry. The augmentative industry has a low threat of new entrants. The graduation exercise is the huge costs of entry.Developing unique cosmetic products requires a lot of resources two in terms of research and development and the actual manufacturing process. Another factor which discourages entry into this industry is the huge competition present in the industry. In addition to the huge competitors such as Avon, Revlon, Clinique, Estee Lauder, LR, Mac and Unilever, who have a large market handle, there are many other olive-sized scale competitors who also have a tenuous market share and who reduce the overall favorableness of firms in the industry. negociate power of customersThis factor analyzes the power which suppliers have regarding making price changes for their products. When consumers have a laid-back gear bargaining power, the manufacturers and sellers may not adequately predict future motivation by the market. The cosmetic has a high bargaining power of customers. This is delinquent to the increase competition and availability of cosmetic products from a variety of manufacturers. Bargaining power of suppliers This factor analyzes the power which suppliers have regarding making price changes for their products. The cosmetic industry has a low bargaining power of suppliers.This is due to the high number of market players and large supply of diverse products to the market. There are many cosmetic products which are developed by both large and small scale manufacturers. Threat of substitutes The threat of substitutes arises when there are akin products developed by competitors which satisfy the market needs. Consumers are able to get competitors products if they are not satisfied with product price or quality. In the cosmetic industry, there are many competitors as has been discussed. There is thusly a high threat of substitute products.It is therefore essential for the market players in the cosmetic to be innovative if they are to tackle the repugn of the threat of substitute. Competitors There are many competitors who reduce the overall profitability of the industry, which makes it a barrier for new companies to entry. Moreover, the many large scale cosmetic firms make it a barrier to entry especially for middle and small scale firms. Complementors within the industry, outside the industry The high seller constriction in the developed countries leads to high competition and an overall reduction in profitability for cosmetic firms in this industry.The cosmetic industry is valued at $6 billion in France and $12 billion in Germany. In the US, it is valued at over $20 billion. Demand from emerging economies and aspirational shoppers has also kept the industry development over the past five years, with gross increases averaging 3. 2% per year to reach $233. 3 billion by the end of 2012. Merger and eruditeness (MA) deals of interest over the past decade that have ser ved to change the face of the Global Cosmetics Manufacturing landscape include Procter Gambles takeover of Gillette, LOreals acquisition of The Body Shop and Cotys acquisition of Unilevers fragrance division.Other key drivers underlying the current spate of M&A activity include the expansion of geographic footprints, diversification into new product categories or market segments and the exploitation of new technologies, including greener processes. In the future there leave behind be new players from growing markets, such as India, China, South Korea, Indonesia and Brazil. Aggressive marketing will find out that firms entering the cosmetic industry have products which are known to the market.A gang of Internet, electronic and mass media advertising should be used in order to reach all the desired target market segments. So the industry has high competition, high entry barriers, low supplier power, high customer power and a large number of substitutes. In order for a firm to ent er and be successful in the cosmetic industry, it has to ease up various strategies. These include focus on emerging markets and developing countries, implementing a cost leadership strategy, implementing research and development and applying aggressive marketing campaigns.These strategies will ensure that they capture a market share, develop customer consignment and achieve long term profitability over the years. The example of co-opetition 1 of Nestles most innovative and successful cobrand products includes creating the new brand, Inneov with LOreal. In 2002, Nestle and LOreal formed a 50 50 joint venture to begin to develop what they called a functional fare (Charles 2002). Inneov is a nutritionary supplement for cosmetic purposes interpreted orally, with the purpose of protecting, correcting and stimulating skin, nails and hair cellular processes.Inneov is one of the first study brand alliances between a food and a cosmetics company. The product benefits from the nutritio nal research of Nestle and the dermatological research from LOreal. Inneov is based in France and launched in pharmacies in November 2006. LOreal did the marketing due to its current expertise in promoting cosmetics. This new brand shows that Nestle selected the safe product and the right partner to enter an industry that makes food for the skin rather than food for consumption.

How Music Influences Memory Essay

I lay in my bed listening to the imperishable stream of medical specialty coming through my headphones. My iTunes is on shuffle, some breeds I skip that most of them I let play with step forward interference. order egress only enough to let my mind wonder, I depressurize and take in the sounds surrounding me. I olfactory perception restful, at piece. A brief upshot of silence from the time one song ends and some other begins. I get word the first five notes on a pianoforte instantly, I be give birth a lump in my throat, my heart quickens, and my look begin to sting. Through the Years by Kenny Rogers has just come on. later fifteen seconds of a piano introduction, Rogers soo affaire voice starts in, I coffin nailt think up when you werent there I am reminded of my family. I am interpreted back to a time when all my grandp arnts were lock a dash alive and well. My fathers mothers face comes into view, she has been deceased twelve years however I can almost smell o ut her presence. I think of the love my family and I bemuse for each other. I think of my sister. My cheeks and ears begin to feel warm. The air Im animate suddenly becomes thick, my vision is blurred by the water filling my eyes.The let loose begins, Through the years My eyes overflow and tears silently worsening down my face. After the second chorus the song builds on itself, it rises and keeps on rising. The tension is broken by Rogers voice beat of love and unassumingness at the bridge. I gather in graduated from softly crying to full on sobbing. My face, my ears, my neck and my pillow argon wet with tears. What I am crying about, I am not entirely certain of. What I am certain of, however, is that this wave of emotion that I am drowning in was induced solely by this song.Now in the fetal position, fondling the blanket and bear that I have had since I was born, I heft up and choke a deep breath in and cough it out as I sob. As long as its okeh / Ill stay with you / Thro ugh the years The song ends, and later a short while I return to the restful state I was in prior to my breakdown, noticeably much tired. All of this because of a song. This control and countless others like it (varying in memories and emotions) that made me wonder about the occasion of medicinal drug.We have all been persuaded by symphony at one blot in our lives oose bumps, shivers, hair standing on end, tears, dancing, tapping to the beat. medicament is all most us, and it is there no matter where you go it transcends borders and cultures, it is the one universal thing that does. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow said it best medication is the universal language of mankind. medication has the ability to elicit emotions and trigger memories of our erstwhile(prenominal), transporting us to a specific moment or time in our lives. Music can help us cope, the proof of this is in the success of break-up songs. We rely on melody.But, what is it about symphony that garners it s o positionful? How is it able to influence us the way it does? canvas music from a scientific approach is relatively new practice, especially music and its effects on the straits. Thanks to advances in neuroscience such a study is made possible. Neuroscientists use fMRI and PET scans to study the brain and what music does to it. When we listen to music various split of our brain argon stimulated. What scientists have learned is that music activates more(prenominal) areas of the brain than anything else.Elena Mannes, author of the carry The Power of Music Pioneering Discoveries in the New Science of Song, identifies some of parts and functions of the brain that are used to process music the auditory lens lens lens cortex (first stage in the listening process, perception and analysis of tones), the ride cortex (foot tapping, playing an instrument), the prefrontal cortex (the creation of expectations triggered by musical comedy patterns and the impact of patterns/expectati ons), the sensory cortex (tactile feedback, as in playing an instrument), the visual cortex (reading music), the nucleus accumbens and the amygdala ( steamy reactions), the hippocampus ( remembering for music), the cerebellum ( as well as movement and emotional reactions). (Mannes, 32).When we listen to music our brain is in truth extracting something from the music and making sense of it. Some scientists recollect that this could contribute to our brains ability to remember songs so well. (Kunz). An intriguing aspect of music and how we relate to it is our seemingly instinctual ability to analyze a piece of music. Daniel Levitin, a neuroscientist at McGill University, discusses in his book, This Is Your Brain On Music The Science of a Human Obsession, how our brain perceives and understands music.When we start out we have thousands of neurons in our brains that are completely free, not tied down or associated to anything. However, as we grow and learn, these neurons are shaped by take in and make connections. Through our perplexs our brains learn the rules of whatever music we are exposed to. For example, we have songs that we recognize as happy or sad, hitherto if it is only an submissive piece. We are able to recognize the way or skin perceptiveness of a song from its elements in Western society we tend to associate a fast pacing with energy and spiritedness and a slow tempo with sadness. These associations, or connections, are learned from our conveys. (Levitin, 87-89).There are a transformation of different factors that contribute to our physical and emotional reactions to music. Music often mirrors the indispensable world and picks up on cues that are prevalent in valet behavior. Expectations not fulfilled, surprise, when something happens not as planned, often in life these are what elicit our strongest emotions. Composers employ structural devices that imitate these real-life occurrences and thereby prompt a reaction from the listener. An e asily relatable physical reaction to music is called frisson, or more unremarkably referred to as goose bumps or shivers down ones spine. These reactions can and are most commonly achieved through the use of an enharmonic change.A simple example (in simple terms, the following chords and notes do not actually exist) of an enharmonic change is when chord(x) is played and harmonizes melody note(a), (this chord is often played once again at least once, if not more) then chord(y) is played and re-harmonizes melody note(a), so it is the same but different. The composer creates an expectation and then those expectations are not carried out and that elicits a reaction from the listener (Mannes, 283). A myriad of elements contribute to the influencing power music has over our emotions. Two of the main reasons people listen to music is for emotional impact and regulation (Chanda and Levitin, 180).Music can pull up stakes us with a wide range of feelings, such as happiness, sadness, excite ment and peace Music is besides known to produce feelings of euphoria, and what some even let on as a higher(prenominal). Scientists have discovered the reason for this so-called high the areas in the brain that are activated by drugs or during awake are also activated by listening to music that we enjoy. sense of hearing to pleasurable music activates the production of neurochemicals. The most recognizable chemical that is produced is dopamine, the feel-good hormone, a neurotransmitter responsible for mood regulation. Prolactin, the comfort or satisfaction hormone, normally associated with mothers breastfeeding their infant, is also produced.The third chemical produced is oxytocin, the cuddle or trust hormone commonly associated with sex and bonding with other people. The production of these hormones explain the euphoric feeling people sometimes experience when listening to music. These hormones also influence our mood and perception (Chanda and Levitin180 Mannes, 35). Anothe r factor that contributes to our emotional response to music is our emotional connection to a song. Often times, memories that we associate with a particular song that we heard in a particular time in our lives are triggered when we hear that song. Researchers have found that there is a significant variety in brain activity when we hear a song that we have emotional connections to.A dominance and simple explanation for this is that we are not only processing the music but we are also recalling past moments. Memories are stored as proteins in different parts of our brains, when memories are triggered, different parts of the brain are put into action to recall those memories. both(prenominal) functions (processing music and remembering) use a large portion of our brain on their own, combine the two and that is a lot of brain activity (Kunz). Memories triggered by music are often times much more herculean than when triggered simply by thought. For example, a friend might say, Do yo u remember when and we reminisce with our friend about a time or an event of past.We may laugh, or feel a sentimental twinge of longing, but usually, not more than that. When a memory is triggered by a song, however, we are somehow transported back in time and are able to experience the feelings we had at that time. There has been speculation for why our memories are much more vivid when triggered by music. Some have theorized that because our brain has already through with(p) the take in of processing a particular piece of music, we recognize that we have done it before. The recognition of that precise action manifests itself through our feelings. For example, when I hear the song Crazy by Gnarls Barkley, I am immediately taken back to the summer of 2006.I am instantly overcome with a feeling that I can only describe as universe the feeling I felt the summer I was sixteen. Its a happy feeling a feeling of freedom mixed with cloudiness and carelessness. My senses are activated I am able to smell the salinity air from the beach, I can taste the Arizona Raspberry Iced tea that I perpetually consumed, I am almost able to feel my jean shorts around my legs, I even have a clear vision of Highway 33 from the passengers skunk of mine and my sisters car as we make our way to the beach, the scene before me shaded by the sunglasses I wore. When a memory is triggered by one of the senses, the other senses are triggered as well. Our senses dictate what we perceive, and therefore, influence how we feel.At that time in my life when my brain was processing that song, it was also processing all of my other senses, all of these elements combined and gave me a rattling specific feeling. So now when I hear that song, my brain processes it and says something like, Oh, I have done this before, this is the result. It can be likened to muscle memory (Kunz). Intrigued by the power music has, I interviewed Matthew J. Kunz, a researcher currently exploring potential methods to t reat patients suffering from neurological injuries and illnesses. One medium of particular pastime to him is forms of music therapy. It has been proven that music engages and even enhances ram and auditory skills.Music could potentially serve as a form of physical therapy after an injury or an illness that has impaired an individuals motor skills. A great example of this is Parkinsons disease. Humans are instinctively able to march or walk to a beat. By providing person with a rhythm track their actions, e. g. walking, could be improved if accompanied by music (Kunz). Another neurological illness that is being treated by music is Alzheimers disease. However severe a dementia is, even if the patient has lost language, they almost never seem to lose the memory or ability to respond to music. Not only can it help oneself in the recalling of memories but it can also strengthen areas of the brain. Some music therapists have the patient learn and play music.Somehow, the ability to do this stay in their brain, once the song is in there (their brain) it stays. Through schooling and playing music the patient exercises their brain, and as a result, functions of the brain, like motor skills, are improved. Even severely demented patients will recognize gray songs and be delighted by them. Kunz confesses, If nothing else, the patients are able to experience joy. Even if thats the only thing it gave them, it would be worth the work that is being done now. Kunzs heart is in the right nonplus regardless of the outcome of the research, however, studies have already shown the positive benefits of the diverse forms of musical therapy (Kunz).Whether we want to feel rapture and be delighted by something, or shed a few tears, if we are in need of therapy, or simply want to break the silence, music is there for us. The power music holds is so strong that we depend on it and integrate it to nearly each aspect of our lives. Ill, or injured, or completely well, music is thera peutic to us all it can bring groups of people together or provide a sense of company when one is alone. It makes our highest highs higher and our lowest lows lower, but that is the magic and power of music. I am certain that our existence and experience as human beings would be far less than what it is if it were not for music.

Recognizing Organizational Culture in Managing Change Essay

In order to ask lots of questions ab bug out the model of the social system, that is to say, the surround conditions of the organization on its business leader to soak up like a towel and gain construct of unexampled things, a having to do with figuring out. The quality of things without measuring them with numbers research was carried out to define the measuring tool for the most most-valuable things of this particular of environ conditions for the recognition and acceptance of e- teaching in teachers or professors(Bu & Divjak, 2016). In the disclosement of devices that bind music, the examples of the development of devices that make music were used that are designed only when for research in information sciences, such as for example, the development of a measuring instrument for evaluating the performance of e-Portfolio.It is generally admitted to that pedagogicsal change benefits from a supportive surrounding condition. Cultural influences are a key fill out when view about the invention of new things and change processes. Organizational kitchen-gardening is a key factor that influences instructional inventions of new things that the success of both something big and important that changes peoples idea or lives move may well depend on the extent to which organizational tillage issues can be talked to(Zhu & Engels, 2014). Previous research has examined the influence of organizational gloss on organizational inventions of new things. Studies point to new things is most promising to happen in organizations that adopt integrative structures draw attention to many different kinds of people or things, and team effort and teamwork. Yet the findings of the anterior research are mixed with little believable information that proves something related to the role of specific organizational culture features in adopting instructional invention of new things in college.Students who come to a related to school and learning subroutine program library m eet with a variety of musculus quadriceps femoriss that influence their learning and behavior. The library has two types of spaces which are shared and social. Shared spaces are places where students are twisty in single, hardworking with schoolwork, and thoughtful study surrounded by some other students. Students work at group and noisy work with other students in social spaces. The idea of library spaces for different types for different student require and supports the idea which is that students need separate spaces for the types of learning and behavior connected with the ability to create interesting new things and invention of new things (Bieraugel & Neill, 2017). Ideas of library space when designing learning spaces in a library is extremely important to think about what types of behavior the design will bring out. library design, as seen through the lens of the science of nerves and the brain, is interesting and suggests/says that library space is just like productive research surrounding conditions in helping the ability to create interesting new things and invention of new things. Bennett notes that Google, Twitter, Facebook, and other companies also aim to create productive research surrounding conditions within settings to help grow invention of new things and critical thinking be it in the lobby or a quiet corner.environmental education can help increase problem-solving skills, very important thinking and action-oriented in relation to central and practical problems that are combined in nature(Fauville, Lantz-Andersson, & Slj, 2014). Co-operative processes of question or investigation into an action on satisfying related to surrounding conditions or the health of the Earth issues where students should be puke in the position of active thinkers prepared to act in solution to issues in partnership with fellow students. Such learning also involves spirit how to approach, plan and analyze complex issues and where to turn for clearly connecte d or related knowledge, and not only the reproduction of what is already known although in different difference palm of study. In such settings, student-active and problem-based instructional approaches have been argued as providing a good big picture in which to develop knowledge. So, the science of teaching and way of thinking behind environmental education can be thought of as challenging traditional approaches to schooling, which focal point on learning of true knowledge presented in the classroom by the teacher in order to solve problems with an already existing, single and even off solution. Traditional education is also highly broken-up in terms of fields of study and is based on abstract problems, with students put in the earlier allowing something to happen without reacting or trying to stop it a position of but reproducing information and standard procedures.

Demontration Speech

Demonstration Speech Outline agnomen Best Mexican Guacamole Dip Specific purpose To present you alto incurher to one of the best Guacamole recipes to of enter your life. Thesis Guacamole is simple to call and roughly of all healthy. I. Introduction A. Attention poppycocks Did you know that Guacamole dates back to the Aztecs. They were particularly untoughened of it because of its high fat content. But weart be appal The avocado contains good fat you want incorporated into your body. B. Tie to the audience Oh and the best part are its nutritional facts.For all you ladies who enjoy numerate your calories. I bet it will put a smile on your face to know that this only contains around 190 calories. C. Credibility material This Guacamole is so good, thats e very time there is a family sheath or party, I am expected to bring the Guacamole. I dont even get asked anymore. I guess I on the nose have that touch. D. Preview There are only three very simple steps in the making of this tasty snack. Which involve the following, 1. Mashing the Avocado. 2. blend the ingredients. 3. Serving itII. Body A. The first step is to gather your ingredients. You will need, 1. 2 large Avocados 2. 2 tbsps of Onions 3. 2 tbsps of Tomatoes 4. 2 tbsps of Jalapenos 5. 2 tbsps of Cilantro 6. flavour 7. Lime 8. Tortilla chips B. Your second step is to gently mash the Avocados with a complication until chunky smooth in a bowl. C. The third step involves flux all of your ingredients in the bowl. 1. spill over 1 tablespoonful of Onions into the bowl containing the mashed Avocados, and mix. 2. Pour 1 tablespoon of Tomatoes into the bowl, and mix. 3.Pour 1 tablespoon of Jalapenos into the bowl, and mix. 4. Pour 1 tablespoon of Cilantro into the bowl, and mix. 5. Sprinkle some salt into the bowl, adjust seasoning to taste. 6. release ? of a lime, to prevent Avocado from turning brown. D. Serve the Guacamole with Mexican means tortilla chips, and enjoy III. Conclusion A. Final Revie w Today you learned how to cast off a delicious Mexican style Guacamole following three liberal steps. 1. Mash the Avocados until chunky smooth. 2. Mixing all of you ingredients into a bowl. 3. Serve it with Mexican Style Tortilla Chips. B.Tie back to the audience Now that summer is coming, everyone is trying to get rid of those extra pounds they gained during the holidays and watch what they eat. Well, most of the ingredients in this Guacamole are vegetables. Which control us that much less guilty to enjoy it. C. Concluding remarks So next time you have a craving for something yummy and healthy, make yourself a Mexican Style Guacamole dip. It never fails to satisfy. Work Cited http//www. food. com/recipe/guacamole-real-authentic-mexican-guac-135048 http//guacamole-recipe. clear/simple-and-quick-guacamole-recipe-with-pictures/

Minority Group and Multiculturalism Essay

This research was commissioned by the Transatlantic Council on Migration, an initiative of the Migration constitution Institute (MPI), for its s level(p)th plenary meeting, held November 2011 in Berlin. The meetings theme was res realityaal Identity, Immigration, and Social glueyness (Re)building Community in an Ever-Globalizing World and this composition was one of the key outs that informed the Councils discussions. The Council, an MPI initiative undertaken in cooperation with its policy partner the Bertelsmann Stiftung, is a unique deliberative body that examinesvital policy issues and informs migration policymaking merelyt againstes in North America and Europe. The Councils work is generously alimented by the following foundations and g all told everyplacenments Carnegie Corporation of advanced-fashioned York, Open Society Foundations, Bertelsmann Stiftung, the Barrow Cadbury Trust (UK Policy Partner), the Luso-Ameri fecal matter Development Foundation, the Calouste Gu lbenkian Foundation, and the g everywherenments of Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden. For much than on the Transatlantic Council on Migration, please visit www. migrationpolicy. org/transatlantic. 2012 Migration Policy Institute. in all Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or communicable in any form by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the Migration Policy Institute. A full-text PDF of this document is available for free d letload from www. migrationpolicy. org. Permission for reproducing excerpts from this bill should be directed to Permissions Department, Migration Policy Institute, 1400 16th Street, NW, Suite 300, Washington, DC 20036, or by contacting communicationsmigrationpolicy.org. Suggested citation Kymlicka, Will. 2012. Multi heathenishism Success, Failure, and the Future. Washington, DC Migration Policy Institute. Table of confine E xecutive epitome. 1 I. Introduction.. 2 The insurrection and get of Multi ethnicism.3 . II. What Is Multi heathenism?.. 4 A. Mis give-up the g master of ceremoniesing Model. 4 . B. Multi paganism in scene 5 . C. The Evolution of Multiculturalism Policies.. 7 III.Multiculturalism in Practice. 10 A. The Canadian Success Story 10 B. The European Experience. 13 . IV. The hash oer from Multiculturalism.. 14 A. Rhetoric versus Reality ..14 B. Proliferation of Civic desegregation Policies. 15 . V. ConclusionThe Future of Multicultural Citizenship. 21 Appendices 26 Works Cited28 About the Author.. 32 MIGRATION POLICY make up Executive Summary Ideas nigh the legal and semipolitical accommodation of cultural potpourri ordinarily termed multiculturalism emerged in the West as a vehicle for replacing aged(a) forms of ethnic and racial hierarchy with unsanded-sprung(prenominal) dealing of pop citizenship. zero(prenominal)withstanding substantial evidence that these policies be making progress toward that goal, a emit of political leaders has decl bed them a failure and heralded the end of multiculturalism.This popular archetype narrative is problematic beca example it mischaracterizes the nature of the experiments in multiculturalism that defy been undertaken, exaggerates the extent to which they flummox been abandoned, and misidentifies not only the existent difficulties and limitations they get d proclaim encountered further the options for addressing these problems. Talk virtually the seclude from multiculturalism has out of sightd the fact that a form of multicultural consolidation remains a live option for westbound democracies. This report challenges four powerful myths about multiculturalism. First, it disputes the caricature of multiculturalism as the uncritical rejoicing of renewing at the expense of addressing grave societal problems such(prenominal) as unemployment and kind isolation. Instead it offers an account of multicul turalism as the pursuit of new sexual congresss of democratic citizenship, inspired and constrained by human-rights ideals. Second, it contests the idea that multiculturalism has been in in large quantities swallow, and offers or else evidence that multiculturalism policies (MCPs) have persisted, and have even so grown stronger, over the past ten years. Third, it challenges the idea that multiculturalism has failed, and offers instead evidence that MCPs have had autocratic effects. Fourth, it disputes the idea that the spread of civic integration policies has displaced multiculturalism or rendered it obsolete. The report instead offers evidence that MCPs argon fully consistent with certain forms of civic integration policies, and that indeed the combination of multiculturalism with an enabling form of civic integration is both(prenominal) normatively desirable and empirically effective in at least just about cases. To help address these issues, this paper draws upon the Mu lticulturalism Policy Index.This index 1) identifies eight cover policy areas where liberal-democratic maintains faced with a choice decided to develop more multicultural forms of citizenship in similarity to immigrant groups and 2) measures the extent to which countries have espoused many or all of these policies over time. While at that place have been rough high-profile cases of bow out from MCPs, such as the Netherlands, the general pattern from 1980 to 2010 has been one of modest strengthening. Ironically, some countries that have been vociferous about multiculturalisms failure (e. g. , Germany) have not actually practiced an active multicultural strategy.Talk about the retract from multiculturalism has obscured the fact that a form of multicultural integration remains a live option for western sandwich democracies. However, not all attacks to adopt new mildews of multicultural citizenship have taken root or succeeded in achieving their think effects. there are s everal factors that can any facilitate or impede the successful implementation of multiculturalism Multiculturalism Success, Failure, and the Future 1 MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE Desecuritization of ethnic dealings. Multiculturalism works best if dealing between thestate and minorities are light uponn as an issue of social policy, not as an issue of state security. If the state perceives immigrants to be a security threat (such as Arabs and Islamics by and by 9/11), support for multiculturalism will drop and the space for minorities to even phonation multicultural claims will diminish. Human rights. Support for multiculturalism rests on the assumption that there is a shared commitment to human rights across ethnic and spectral lines. If states perceive certain groups as unable or unwilling to repute human-rights norms, they are unlikely to accord them multicultural rights or resources.Much of the reverberation against multiculturalism is fundamentally driven by anxieties about Muslims, in especial(a), and their perceived unwillingness to embrace liberal-democratic norms. Border operate on. Multiculturalism is more controversial when citizens fear they lack control over their borders for instance when countries are faced with large numbers (or out of the blue(predicate) surges) of unauthorized immigrants or asylum come overkers than when citizens feel the borders are secure. Diversity of immigrant groups. Multiculturalism works best when it is genuinelymulticultural that is, when immigrants come from many source countries quite a than coming overwhelmingly from just one (which is more likely to lead to polarized relations with the majority). Economic contri barelyions. Support for multiculturalism depends on the perception that immigrants are retentivity up their end of the bargain and making a good-faith effort to play to society particularly stintingally. When these facilitating conditions are present, multiculturalism can be seen a s a low-risk option, and indeed seems to have worked swell up in such cases.Multiculturalism tends to lose support in high-risk situations where immigrants are seen as predominantly illegal, as potence carriers of intolerant practices or movements, or as net burdens on the public assistance state. However, one could argue that rejecting immigrant multiculturalism under these circumstances is in fact the higher-risk move. It is precisely when immigrants are perceived as illegitimate, illiberal, and burdensome that multiculturalism may be to the highest degree compulsioned. I. Introduction Ideas about the legal and political accommodation of ethnic diversity have been in a state of flux around the ball for the past 40 years.One hears much about the rise and string up of multiculturalism. Indeed, this has become a kind of master narrative, widely invoked by scholars, journalists, and policymakers identical to explain the evolution of contemporary debates about diversity. Altho ugh people disagree about what comes after multiculturalism, there is a surprising consensus that we are in a post-multicultural era. This report contends that this master narrative obscures as much as it reveals, and that we need an alternative framework for thinking about the choices we face.Multiculturalisms successes and failures, as well as its level of public acceptance, have depended on the nature of the issues at stake and the countries involved, and we need to understand these variations if we are to identify a more sustainable model for accommodating diversity. This paper will argue that the master narrative 1) mischaracterizes the nature of the experiments in multiculturalism that have been undertaken, 2) exaggerates the extent to which they have been abandoned, and 3) misidentifies the genuine difficulties and limitations they have encountered and the options for addressing these problems.2 Multiculturalism Success, Failure, and the Future MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE Befo re we can decide whether to celebrate or lament the chance upon of multiculturalism, we need beginning to make sure we know what multiculturalism has meant both in theory and in practice, where it has succeeded or failed to meet its objectives, and under what conditions it is likely to thrive in the future. The Rise and Fall of Multiculturalism The master narrative of the rise and drop dead of multiculturalism helpfully watchs of the essence(p) features of our current debates.Yet in some respects it is misleading, and may obscure the real challenges and opportunities we face. In its simplest form, the master narrative goes like this1 Since the mid-1990s we have seen a backlash and retreat from multiculturalism. From the 1970s to mid-1990s, there was a deport trend across Western democracies toward the increased knowledge and accommodation of diversity through a range of multiculturalism policies (MCPs) and minority rights.These policies were endorsed both at the house servant level in some states and by international organizations, and involved a rejection of earlier ideas of unitary and homogeneous nationhood. Since the mid-1990s, however, we have seen a backlash and retreat from multiculturalism, and a reassertion of ideas of nation building, plebeian values and identity, and unitary citizenship even a call for the re crimp of assimilation. This retreat is partly driven by fears among the majority group that the accommodation of diversity has gone too removed and is threatening their way of life.This fear often expresses itself in the rise of nativist and populist right-wing political movements, such as the Danish mickles Party, defending old ideas of Denmark for the Danish. further the retreat also reflects a belief among the center-left that multiculturalism has failed to help the intended beneficiaries namely, minorities themselves because it has failed to address the underlying sources of their social, economic, and political forcing out and may have unintentionally contributed to their social isolation.As a result, even the center-left political movements that initially championed multiculturalism, such as the social democratic parties in Europe, have backed 1 For influential academic statements of this rise and fall narrative, claiming that it applies across the Western democracies, see Rogers Brubaker, The Return of Assimilation? Ethnic and racial Studies 24, no. 4 (2001) 53148 and Christian Joppke, The Retreat of Multiculturalism in the at large(p) carry Theory and Policy, British Journal of Sociology 55, no. 2 (2004) 23757.There are also many accounts of the decline, retreat, or crisis of multiculturalism in particular countries. For the Netherlands, see Han Entzinger, The Rise and Fall of Multiculturalism in the Netherlands, in Toward Assimilation and Citizenship Immigrants in promiscuous Nation-States, eds. Christian Joppke and Ewa Morawska (London Palgrave, 2003) and Ruud Koopmans, Trade-Offs between Eq uality and Difference The Crisis of Dutch Multiculturalism in Cross-National thought (Brief, Danish Institute for International Studies, Copenhagen, December 2006).For Britain, see Randall Hansen, Diversity, Integration and the revoke from Multiculturalism in the linked Kingdom, in Belonging? Diversity, Recognition and Shared Citizenship in Canada, eds. Keith G. Banting, Thomas J. Courchene, and F. Leslie Seidle (Montreal Institute for Research on Public Policy, 2007) Les Back, Michael Keith, Azra Khan, Kalbir Shukra, and John Solomos, raw(a) Labours White Heart Politics, Multiculturalism and the Return of Assimilation, Political every quarter 73, No. 4 (2002) 44554 Steven Vertovec, Towards post-multiculturalism?Changing communities, conditions and contexts of diversity, International Social wisdom Journal 61 (2010) 8395. For Australia, see Ien Ang and John Stratton, Multiculturalism in Crisis The rude(a) Politics of Race and National Identity in Australia, in On Not Speaking Chinese Living Between Asia and the West, ed. I. Ang (London Routledge, 2001). For Canada, see Lloyd Wong, Joseph Garcea, and Anna Kirova, An analytic thinking of the Anti- and Post-Multiculturalism Discourses The Fragmentation Position (Alberta Prairie Centre for Excellence in Research on Immigration and Integration, 2005), http//pmc.metropolis. net/Virtual%20Library/FinalReports/Post-multi%20FINAL%20REPORT%20for%20PCERII%20_2_. pdf. For a good overview of the backlash address in various countries, see Steven Vertovec and Susan Wessendorf, eds. , The Multiculturalism Backlash European Discourses, Policies and Practices (London Routledge, 2010). Multiculturalism Success, Failure, and the Future 3 MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE away from it and shifted to a address that emphasizes civic integration, social cohesion, common values, and shared citizenship.2 The social-democratic discourse of civic integration differs from the radical-right discourse in emphasizing the need to develop a more inclusive national identity and to fight racism and discrimination, but it nonetheless distances itself from the magniloquence and policies of multiculturalism. The term postmulticulturalism has often been invoked to signal this new approach, which try ons to overcome the limits of a honest or misguided multiculturalism while avoiding the oppressive reassertion of homogenizing nationalist ideologies.3 II. What Is Multiculturalism? A. Misleading Model In much of the post-multiculturalist literature, multiculturalism is characterized as a feel-good exultation of ethnocultural diversity, encouraging citizens to acknowledge and embrace the panoply of customs, traditions, medicine, and cuisine that exist in a multiethnic society. Yasmin Alibhai-Brown calls this the 3S model of multiculturalism in Britain saris, samosas, and steeldrums. 4Multiculturalism takes these old(prenominal) cultural markers of ethnic groups clothing, cuisine, and music and treats them as authentic pra ctices to be preserved by their members and safely consumed by others. Under the banner of multiculturalism they are taught in aim, performed in festivals, boasted in media and museums, and so on. This celebratory model of multiculturalism has been the instruction of many critiques, including the following It ignores issues of economic and political inequality.Even if all Britons come to enjoy Jamaican steeldrum music or Indian samosas, this would do nothing to address the real problems approach Caribbean and South Asian communities in Britain problems of unemployment, little educational outcomes, residential segregation, poor English language skills, and political marginalization. These economic and political issues cannot be understand simply by celebrating cultural differences. Even with respect to the (legitimate) goal of promoting greater understanding of culturaldifferences, the point on celebrating authentic cultural practices that are unique to each group is potent ially dangerous. First, not all customs that may be traditionally practiced within a particular group are worthy of existence celebrated, or even of being legally tolerated, such as forced marriage. To avoid stirring up controversy, theres a tendency to choose as the focus of multicultural celebrations safely inoffensive practices such as cuisine or music that can be enjoyably consumed by members of the large society. and this runs the opposite risk 2For an overview of the attitudes of European social democratic parties to these issues, see Rene Cuperus, Karl Duffek, and Johannes Kandel, eds. , The Challenge of Diversity European Social Democracy Facing Migration, Integration and Multiculturalism (Innsbruck Studien Verlag, 2003). For references to post-multiculturalism by progressive intellectuals, who distinguish it from the radical rights antimulticulturalism, see, regarding the United Kingdom, Yasmin Alibhai-Brown, after(prenominal) Multiculturalism (London Foreign Policy Centre, 2000), and Beyond Multiculturalism, Canadian Diversity/Diversite Canadienne 3, no.2 (2004) 514 regarding Australia, James Jupp, From White Australia to Woomera The Story of Australian Immigration, 2nd edition (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 2007) and regarding the United States, Desmond King, The Liberty of Strangers Making the American Nation (Oxford Oxford University Press, 2004), and David A. Hollinger, Post-ethnic America Beyond Multiculturalism, revised edition (New York Basic Books, 2006).Alibhai-Brown, After Multiculturalism. 3 4 4 Multiculturalism Success, Failure, and the Future MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE of the trivialization or Disneyfication of cultural differences,5 ignoring the real challenges that differences in cultural and ghostly values can raise. Third, the 3S model of multiculturalism can abet a conception of groups as hermetically slicked and static, each reproducing its own distinct practices.Multiculturalism may be intended to encourage peop le to share their customs, but the assumption that each group has its own distinctive customs ignores processes of cultural adaptation, mixing, and melange, as well as uphill cultural commonalities, thereby potentially reinforcing perceptions of minorities as eternally other. This in turn can lead to the strengthening of prejudice and stereotyping, and more generally to the polarization of ethnic relations. Fourth, this model can end up reinforcing power inequalities and cultural restrictions withinminority groups. In deciding which traditions are authentic, and how to interpret and display them, the state generally consults the traditional elites within the group typically senior(a) males while ignoring the way these traditional practices (and traditional elites) are often challenged by internal reformers, who have different views about how, say, a good Muslim should act. It can therefore imprison people in cultural scripts that they are not allowed to question or dispute.Ac cording to post-multiculturalists, the growing recognition of these flaws underlies the retreat from multiculturalism and signals the search for new models of citizenship that emphasize 1) political participation and economic opportunities over the symbolic politics of cultural recognition, 2) human rights and individual freedom over respect for cultural traditions, 3) the building of inclusive national identities over the recognition of ancestral cultural identities, and 4) cultural change and cultural mixing over the reification of static cultural differences.This narrative about the rise and fall of 3S multiculturalism will no doubt be familiar to many readers. In my view, however, it is inaccurate. Not only is it a caricature of the reality of multiculturalism as it has develop over the past 40 years in the Western democracies, but it is a distr work from the real issues that we need to face.The 3S model captures something important about natural human tendencies to simplify et hnic differences, and about the logic of international capitalism to sell cosmopolitan cultural products, but it does not capture the nature of post-1960s government MCPs, which have had more complex historicalal sources and political goals. B. Multiculturalism in Context It is important to put multiculturalism in its historical context. In one sense, it is as old as humanity different cultures have always found ways of coexisting, and respect for diversity was a familiar feature of many historic empires, such as the Ottoman Empire.But the sort of multiculturalism that is said to have had a rise and fall is a more specific historic phenomenon, emerging first in the Western democracies in the ripe 1960s. This timing is important, for it helps us situate multiculturalism in relation to larger social transformations of the postwar era. More specifically, multiculturalism is part of a larger human-rights diversity involving ethnic and racial diversity.Prior to World War II, ethnocu ltural and phantasmal diversity in the West was characterized by a range of illiberal and undemocratic relationships of hierarchy,6 justified by racialist ideologies that explicitly propounded the superiority of some peoples and cultures and their right to rule over others. These ideologies were widely accepted throughout the Western world and underpinned both domestic laws (e. g. , racially biased immigration and citizenship policies) and unconnected policies (e. g. , in relation to overseas colonies). 5 6 Neil Bissoondath, Selling Illusions The rage of Multiculturalism in Canada(Toronto Penguin, 1994). Including relations of conqueror and conquered, colonizer and colonized, master and slave, settler and indigenous, racialized and unmarked, normalized and deviant, Orthodox and heretic, civilized and primitive, and ally and enemy. Multiculturalism Success, Failure, and the Future 5 MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE After World War II, however, the world recoiled against Hitlers fanatica l and murderous use of such ideologies, and the United Nations decisively repudiated them in favor of a new ideology of the equality of races and peoples.And this new assumption of human equality generated a series of political movements designed to contest the lingering presence or enduring effects of older hierarchies. We can distinguish three wavings of such movements 1) the sputter for decolonization, concentrated in the period 194865 2) the struggle against racial segregation and discrimination, initiated and exemplified by the AfricanAmerican civil-rights movement from 1955 to 1965 and 3) the struggle for multiculturalism and minority rights, which emerged in the late 1960s.Multiculturalism is part of a larger human-rights revolution involving ethnic and racial diversity. apiece of these movements draws upon the human-rights revolution, and its foundational ideology of the equality of races and peoples, to challenge the legacies of earlier ethnic and racial hierarchies. Ind eed, the human-rights revolution plays a double role here, not just as the enthusiasm for a struggle, but also as a constraint on the permissible goals and means of that struggle.Insofar as historically excluded or stigmatized groups struggle against earlier hierarchies in the name of equality, they too have to renounce their own traditions of exclusion or oppression in the treatment of, say, women, gays, people of obscure race, religious dissenters, and so on. Human rights, and liberal-democratic constitutionalism more generally, provide the overarching framework within which these struggles are debated and addressed.Each of these movements, therefore, can be seen as contributing to a process of democratic citizenization that is, turning the earlier catalog of hierarchical relations into relationships of liberaldemocratic citizenship. This entails transforming both the vertical relationships between minorities and the state and the horizontal relationships among the members of d ifferent groups. In the past, it was often assumed that the only way to engage in this process of citizenization was to impose a single undifferentiated model of citizenship on all individuals.But the ideas and policies of multiculturalism that emerged from the 1960s start from the assumption that this complex history necessarily and appropriately generates group-differentiated ethnopolitical claims. The key to citizenization is not to suppress these differential claims but to filter out them through and frame them within the language of human rights, civil liberties, and democratic accountability. And this is what multiculturalist movements have aimed to do.The precise character of the resulting multicultural reforms varies from group to group, as befits the distinctive history that each has faced. They all start from the antidiscrimination principle that underpinned the second quaver but go beyond it to challenge other forms of exclusion or stigmatization. In most Western count ries, explicit state-sponsored discrimination against ethnic, racial, or religious minorities had largely ceased by the 1960s and 1970s, under the influence of the second wave of humanrights struggles.Yet ethnic and racial hierarchies persist in many societies, whether mensural in terms of economic inequalities, political underrepresentation, social stigmatization, or cultural invisibility. Various forms of multiculturalism have been create to help overcome these lingering inequalities. The focus in this report is on multiculturalism as it pertains to (permanently settled) immigrant groups,7 7 There was shortly in some European countries a form of multiculturalism that was not aimed at the inclusion of permanent immigrants, but rather at ensuring that temporary migrants would number to their country of origin.For example, mothertongue education in Germany was not initially introduced as a minority right but in order to enable node worker children to reintegrate in their countri es of origin (Karen Schonwalder, Germany Integration Policy and Pluralism in a Self-Conscious Country of Immigration, in The Multiculturalism Backlash European Discourses, Policies and Practices, eds. Steven Vertovec and Susanne Wessendorf London Routledge, 2010, 160). free to say, this sort of returnist multiculturalism premised on the idea that migrants are foreigners who should return to their real basis has nothing to do with multiculturalism policies (MCPs) premised on the idea that immigrants belong in their host countries, and which aim to make immigrants 6 Multiculturalism Success, Failure, and the Future MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE but it is worth noting that struggles for multicultural citizenship have also emerged in relation to historic minorities and indigenous peoples. 8 C. The Evolution of Multiculturalism PoliciesThe case of immigrant multiculturalism is just one eyeshot of a larger ethnic revival across the Western democracies,9 in which different types of minori ties have struggled for new forms of multicultural citizenship that combine both antidiscrimination measures and substantiative forms of recognition and accommodation. Multicultural citizenship for immigrant groups clearly does not involve the same types of claims as for indigenous peoples or national minorities immigrant groups do not typically seek land rights, territorial autonomy, or official language status.What then is the perfume of multicultural citizenship in relation to immigrant groups? The Multiculturalism Policy Index is one attempt to measure the evolution of MCPs in a standardized format that enables comparative degree research. 10 The index takes the following eight policies as the most common or emblematic forms of immigrant MCPs11 Constitutional, legislative, or parliamentary affirmation of multiculturalism, at the profound and/ or regional and municipal levels The adoption of multiculturalism in school curricula The inclusion of ethnic representation/sensitiv ity in the mandate of public media or media licensing Exemptions from dress codes, either by statute or by court cases Allowing of dual citizenship The funding of ethnic group organizations to support cultural activities The funding of bilingual education or mother-tongue instruction Affirmative action for disadvantaged immigrant groups12 feel more at home where they are.The focus of this paper is on the latter type of multiculturalism, which is centrally concerned with constructing new relations of citizenship. 8 In relation to indigenous peoples, for example such as the Maori in New Zealand, Aboriginal peoples in Canada and Australia, American Indians, the Sami in Scandinavia, and the Inuit of Greenland new models of multicultural citizenship have emerged since the late 1960s that include policies such as land rights, self-government rights, recognition of customary laws, and guarantees of political consultation.And in relation to substate national groups such as the Basqu es and Catalans in Spain, Flemish and Walloons in Belgium, frugal and Welsh in Britain, Quebecois in Canada, Germans in South Tyrol, Swedish in Finland we see new models of multicultural citizenship that include policies such as federal or quasi-federal territorial autonomy official language status, either in the region or nationally and guarantees of representation in the central government or on constitutional courts. 9 Anthony Smith, The Ethnic revitalization in the Modern World (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1981).10 Keith Banting and I developed this index, first published in Keith Banting and Will Kymlicka, eds. , Multiculturalism and the Welfare State Recognition and Redistribution in Contemporary Democracies (Oxford Oxford University Press, 2006). Many of the ideas discussed in this paper are the result of our collaboration. 11 As with all cross-national indices, there is a trade-off between standardization and sensitivity to local nuances. There is no universall y accepted definition of multiculturalism policies and no hard and fast line that would shrewdly distinguish MCPs from closely related policy fields, such as antidis

K – 12

Opinion On the Lighter Side If the K-12 Education visualize becomes successful, then the Philippine education system can become more agonistic among other countries countries around the world. Though there are cool off some problems that the government needs to solve before they can successfully implement the plan. The proposed program is good but it still wont work if the essential elements to make it work isnt present. Such elements includes the addressed problems mentioned above, especially the number of universe school classrooms plus the adequate supply of classroom chairs, books, etc.If the government could destine a bigger budget to educational needs, then we could be trip the light fantastic toe ahead towards the success of the K-12 program. Furthermore, parents (especially those who belongs in the poor sector) should be properly sure and motivated of the advantages of the K-12 Education political program. This is very important since parents plays a major characte r in providing the childs school allowances, supplies, and fees for other school projects and activities. Add to that the support of parents towards their children in terms of guidance and teaching.Once this succeeds, it is best hoped that Filipino students would be more literate, skilled, and competitive to be able to find jobs more easily and contribute to the countrys ostentation as well as the countrys economy. As speculations continue of what the K-12 Education Plan will specifically be, it is still best to hear the full dilate of the proposal this upcoming October 2010.Read more http//www. bukisa. com/articles/334773_editorial-k-12-education-in-the-philippinesixzz15apkqL00

Marine Resources

Madalena Barbosa Marine visions April, 2012 Index Common Property piscary of N identical tilt vessels model .. 2 1. a) Biological occupation symmetricalness without Harvest .. 2 1. b) Maximum Sustainable Yield .. 2 1. c) circulate Access residue . 5 1. ) best Economic vestibular sense 6 1. e) Comparison between Maximum Sustainable correspondence and twain Open Access Equilibrium and Optimal Economic Equilibrium .. 8 1. f) Assuming a schooling piscary . 9 2. Different potential policies . 11 2. ) intact Allowable Catches 11 2. b) swither and fruit imposees 13 2. c) Individual Transferable Quotas ITQs .. 15 3. Recommendation mastery for the form _or_ system of g everywherenment decision ITQs .. 16 Figure 1Growth and Harvest as carry of argumentation size Figure 2Sustainable revenue, check cost and waget advantage of look for motion. 8 Figure 3 Growth and Harvest as lock of pullulate size for an Open Access balance wheel and a position TAC . 11 F igure 4 Sustainable revenue, total be and heart revenue and total be for the TAC direct of look for drive. . 2 Figure 5 Use of disciplinary imposees on driveway eject equate fond and private costs . 14 Figure 6 Use of conciliateive taxes on reaping that bunghole equate brotherly and private revenues. . 15 Marine imagination precaution Assignment 2 1 Common Property Fishery of N identical sportfishing vessels model Biological growth affaire for the imaginativeness stock ? = 1? ? = ? ? Graham-Schaefer employment melt down (linear slip of the Coob-Douglas issue determination) Profit function human body Where, 0? = ? ? ? S(t) stock (biomass) of stintingally valuable fish at eon t.E(t) Effort is an index stripe of the quantity of inputs applied to the task of fishing at time t. Intrinsic growth rate of the elections stock r = 0,8/Year Natural carrying Capacity (maximum value for S) k=50. 000 gross tons Catchability coefficient q = 0,0002/ minute of arc fishi ng Price per hearty whole of output p = cc/ton Cost per unit of apparent movement c= cd/ second fishing Maximum Effort per vessel = 100 mins fishing 1. a) Biological germinate Equilibrium without Harvest In this situation the growth in the stocks doesnt exist so that ? =0 = = 50. 000 1. b) Maximum Sustainable YieldIn frame to take the value that accession sustainable return for this fishermany, we need to compute the fruit function that depends on suit (Shaefer Yield Effort Curve) and after that, to maximize result for effort so that we argon able to compute the polar sustainable determine. Marine Resource way Assignment 2 2 First we substitute the Graham-Shaefer production function into the biological growth function of the stock and ascertained, = 1? ? In a steady-state counterweight = = ar as counterbalanced by the removals from the stock through harvesting-timeing). Also and .The issue of the antecedent function for the steady-state take aim of S is 1 ? = ? 1? = ? = 0, so that = (the additions to the resource stock 1? = = ? ? 1? = ? Substitute the former function in Graham-Schaefer production function to descry Shaefer Yield Effort Curve ? = = = ? 1? ? ? ? Schaefer Yield Effort Curve This par is quadratic in E so for high-pitched levels of effort the yield is zero. So, if the effort level is high than the critical level, > towards extinction. ? , the yield is zero and the population volition be goaded Maximize Shaefer Yield Effort Curve to find the highest value of Effort that mickle be sustainable, 2 =0? 2 =0? = ? = = 2 ? ? = 2 Marine Resource Management Assignment 2 3 To find the Maximum Sustainable Harvest level substitute Emsy in the Shaefer Yield Effort Curve, ? = ? ? 4 ? ?= 2 ? 2 ? ?= ?= 2 2 ? 4 ? ? ?= 2 ? = 4 ? To find the stock that maximizes sustainable harvest of this piscary substitute Emsy and Hmsy in Graham-Shaefer production function and cypher it for S, = ? 4 = 2 ? 4 visor that the resource stocks at M SY is on-half of the congenital carrying capacity. The solution for the maximum sustainable yield is given by the following determine of Effort, harvest and stock = 2 ? = 0,8 ? 50. 000 ? 4 50. 000 = ? 2 0,8 ? 0,0002 = . 0 2 = ? = = = 2 4 ? ? = = = . . right away that we look at calculated the level of effort corresponding to the maximum sustainable yield, EMSY, we can estimate the indispensable equilibrium choke, as it is the one that with the maximum effort per vessel, EMAX, equals the EMSY. = 2. 000 ? 100 ? ? = ? The equilibrium pass off nether sustainable harvesting is composed of 20 identical fishing vessels. ? = = Marine Resource Management Assignment 2 4 1. c) Open Access Equilibrium To characterize the Open-Access Equilibrium we take both important assumptions 1. The steady-state equilibrium for the biological growth function is straight and 2.It is also true the steady-state equilibrium condition for all sustainable rents. = =0 ? =0 With these two equations we hav e the property right condition of open- gate and the social welf be optimum. That is, the comparative statics to comp are the best open-access levels of effort, resource stock, yield, and rents with the social optimum levels of effort, resource stock, yield, and rents. Rearranging we obtain the open-access equilibrium level for the resource stock, ? = = ? ? From the steady-state equilibrium condition we can find the level of effort in an Open Access equilibrium, = ? 1? = = = ? =Rearranging for E Substituting S for SOA = 1? 1? ? ? ? Substituting EOA in Graham-Schaefer production function we get the harvest in an Open Access equilibrium, = ? = ? = ? ? 1? ? Marine Resource Management Assignment 2 5 The sugar per vessel on an Open Access equilibrium are as we already stated before equal to zero, = = ? = 200 ? 6. cd ? 400 ? 3. 200 ? Profit will be zero for each one-on-one firm and, consequently, for all the firms competing in this securities industry which makes sense once we are in the situation where companies can barrenly enter or exiting the food market (similar to perfect competition).The solution for the Open-Access equilibrium is given by the following values of Effort, harvest and stock = = ? = ? = ? . = 1? 1? ? ? = = , , ? , ? , ? , 1? 1? ? , ? , ? . ? ?. . = . = . 1. d) Optimal Economic Equilibrium The static, steady-state optimal frugal level of effort, for the individual, that also maximizes the social welfare for society is plunge by computing the equation for sustainable rents and maximizing it for the Effort = =0? = = ? ?2 ? ? =0? ? Maximizing, 2 ? ? =To solve for the static steady-state optimal economic level of the resource stock, SEFF, substitute EEFF into the equation for the resource stock with the Schaefer Yield Effort Curve, = 1? ? = 1? 2 = + 1? ? = 1 1? + 2 2 ? Marine Resource Management Assignment 2 6 The Optimal Economic Equilibriums for Harvesting can be found using the Graham-Schaefer production function by substituting EEff and SEFF found before, = ? 2 ? = 1? ? ? ? 2 + 2 ? = ? + The solution for the Open-Access equilibrium is given by the following values of Effort, harvest and stock = 1? ? ? = ? , = + = ? ? = ? , . + 1? ? ? , ? , ? . = = . = . . Marine Resource Management Assignment 2 7 1. e)Comparison between Maximum Sustainable Equilibrium and both Open Access Equilibrium and Optimal Economic Equilibrium In this question we are asked to compare the maximum social sustainable solutions with both solutions of the Open Access and the Optimal Economic Equilibrium, respectively. The results acquired during the former exercises are summarized in figure 1 and figure 2 14. 000 q. E(MSY). S 12. 000 q. E(OA). S H(MSY) 10. 000 Growth in Fish Stock (tons) . E(Eff). S H(Eff) 8. 000 H(OA) 6. 000 4. 000 2. 000 S(OA) 0 0 5. 000 10. 000 15. 000 20. 000 25. 000 30. 000 Fish Stock (tons) 35. 000 40. 000 45. 000 50. 000 S(MSY) S(Eff) G(S) q. E(OA). S Figure 1Growth and Harvest as function of stock size 2. calciferol . 000 E(Eff) E(MSY) E(OA) Total tax revenue, Total Cost and Profit (/ mo fishing) 2. 000. 000 1. viosterol. 000 1. 000. 000 d. 000 0 0 500 1. 000 1. 500 2. 000 Effort (hour fishing) TR TC NB TC (Eff) 2. 500 3. 000 3. 500 4. 000 Figure 2Sustainable revenue, total costs and net benefit of fishing effort.From the previous figures we can easily see that, < < The MSY insurance policy target is the best in a social point of deliberate. It has the highest harvest maximum for a balanced level of stock with a medium level of effort. But in an economical point of view this equilibrium doesnt bring the best results since its rent level is lower than for the optimal economic equilibrium. The efficient solution is the one that requires less effort to appropriate an intermediate level of fish, keeping the highest possible level of stock.This is why, economically, efficiency is the best solution, because it will allow future generations to capture similar quantities once deliverance of stock is taken into account and additionally getting the higher rent. what is more and comparing with open access and sustainable yield, this solution requires less effort which is positive for the companies involved. In the situation of open access, as there is free access to the market, competition will lead to low individual harvesting levels and significantly high levels of effort and, at the same time, the level of stocks will be the lowest. < < < < 1. f) Assuming a schooling fishery Given that we are now in the situation of a schooling fishery, where the group of fishes is swimming in the same direction in a coordinated manner, and we have the following access given its profit condition ( = ? ? = 200. = = conditions ? = and 0 ? ? , we are able to compute the outcome for open ), where we already know that ? ? = ? ? = 0.It is once again important to note that i) In this case, as ? =2 ? = 200 ? 2 ? 400 = 0 between exploiting or not the stock accessible. = 0 under al l values of effort, we have a situation of tranquillity Marine Resource Management Assignment 2 ii) Here, as relinquish this market and no effort will be given ( = 0). The stock will not be apply at all and sign stock will remain equal to final stock. iii) ? =3 ? = 200 ? 3 ? 400 = 200 ? =1 ? = 200 ? 1 ? 400 = ? 200 < 0, firms will not have any(prenominal) interest in fishing so they will simply Under this situation, as market, so they will apply all the effort available in order to maximize their own profits. As a result, stocks will be exploited until the end. > 0, companies have interest in competing in this Marine Resource Management Assignment 2 10 2. Different possible policiesThe Food and agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) distinguishes two types of fisheries management inducement Blocking and bonus Management. Regarding Incentive Blocking we can have management instruments that encourage effort and and harvest reductions by stop them. For exampl e, Total Allowable Catches (TACs), gear restrictions, interchangeable engine power margeations, limit fishing normalizes, limit entry with buy-back schemes (licenses) or notwithstanding increase the real cost of harvest through regulations. Incentive Adjusting pursuits to adjust the fisher incentives to make them compatible with societys goals.In this case we are talking about taxes on effort or harvest and quotas. We will present you with some examples regarding these types of management. 2. a) Total Allowable Catches A Total Allowable Catch is a catch limit set for a particular fishery, generally for a year or a fishing season. In a derby fishery, the governments set a limit on the total allowable catch (TAC) for the year and the fishery is open on a specific date. As soon as TAC is reached, the fishery is closed for the year. The TAC is set below the overfishing level to assure that it is restrictive. Its goal is to allow the natural resource to recover the stock levels.In t his case the TAC was set below de level of harvesting for the Open-Access equilibrium at the value of 3500 tons (figure 3). 12. 000 10. 000 Growth in Fish Stock (tons) 8. 000 6. 000 4. 000 2. 000 0 0 5. 000 10. 000 15. 000 20. 000 25. 000 Fish Stock (tons) G(S) TAC q. E(TAC). S q. E(OA). S H(OA) 30. 000 35. 000 40. 000 45. 000 50. 000 Figure 3 Growth and Harvest as function of stock size for an Open Access equilibrium and a set TAC The TAC policy level of effort is significantly lower than the open access level. The TAC level equals Shaefer effort Yield curve ball in equilibrium, Solving for E 3500 = 0,0002 ? 0. 000 ? = = ? , = ? ? ? ? , , ? ? ? . So this measure would allow the stock to recover for a level of, = , = 3500 ? 0,0002 ? 387,55 In a conservation point of view this is an effective measure, notwithstanding in an economical point of view it has its issues. The tendency for fishing enterprises is to locomote towards an over- rankment in equipment and labor in order to in crease their share of the plebeian TAC. It causes a major disruption in the seasonal pattern of a fishery as fishermen rush to obtain their share of the quota. Often vessels increase in size and add engine power both to melt with greater fishing power.In a consequence, economic conditions in the derby fishery are best at the start of a season when the fish stocks are most abundant, and steadily deteriorate as harvesting depletes the available stocks. These conditions induce a race for fish, which, in turn, results in overcapitalization (Figure 4). 2. 100. 000 Total Revenue, Total Cost and TAC level (/hour fishing) 1. 600. 000 1. 100. 000 600. 000 100. 000 0 500 1. 000 1. 500 2. 000 2. 500 3. 000 3. 500 4. 000 -400. 000 TR Effort (hour fishing) TC p*TAC TC E(OA) Figure 4 Sustainable revenue, total costs and Total revenue and total costs for the TAC level of fishing effort.Assuming that calculate the costs of overcapitalization, c, and understand this behavior = ? ? = ? = 0 and tha t the stock levels will vary with the imposition of the TAC we can ?= ? = = , ? = , = From the function above we can understand the volatility of this policy. With the increase in the levels of stock the price will be higher and the fishermen have the incentive to invest in fleet capital that from societys point of view is redundant. Also, the excess fleet makes the monitoring of harvesting very difficult and the TAC limit is exceeded. 2. b) Effort and harvest taxesFish is economically overexploited under open-access regime. The market price is high enough and the harvest cost low enough to make it a commercial resource. Corrective taxes can in theory bring fringy private costs into alignment with marginal social costs. Using taxes the managers concentrate the fishermen revenues or raise the real cost of fishing. The idea is to find the tax rate, on either effort or harvest, that adjusts effort to the maximum economic yield level, EEff, that should be as state before the level at which the sustainable rent is maximum. With an effort tax the total cost per unit of effort is, = +Where tE is the tax per unit effort (ex. $ per trawl hour or trawl year) and TC is the total costs with taxes. The effect of the effort tax is to increase total costs to such a level that the TC curve intersects the total revenue curve for the EEff, as you can see in figure 5. The tax on the effort was found as followed, = + ? ? tE = 800 /hour fishing ? 200 ? 9. 600 = 400 + ? 1. 600 ? Note that for any value of effort the total costs with taxes is greater that the total costs. The effect of an effort tax increases the slope of the total cost curve for the industry.This implies that the total revenue, TR(E), is shared between the government, as the tax collector, and the Marine Resource Management Assignment 2 13 fishing industry. The former receives the resource rent, ? Eff, and the fishers end up with the difference between the total revenue and the resource rent that is just enough to cover the costs of the fishers. 2. 500. 000 E(Eff) E(MSY) E(OA) Total Revenue and Total Cost (/hour fishing) 2. 000. 000 1. 500. 000 ? (Eff) 1. 000. 000 500. 000 0 0 500 1. 000 1. 500 2. 000 Effort (hour fishing) TR TC TC 2. 500 3. 000 3. 500 4. 000Figure 5 Use of corrective taxes on effort can equate social and private costs In the case of a harvest tax, the sustainable revenue of the fishery curve is affected, as you can see in figure 6. The harvest tax would be applied to the price as it is demonstrated next, ? = ? = ? tH = 133,33 /hour fishing 200 + ? 9600 = 400 ? 1. 600 ? So in this case, the net price of the fish received by the fishers is also notwithstanding just enough to support the costs. 2. 500. 000 E(Eff) E(MSY) E(OA) Total Revenue, Total Cost and Rent (/hour fishing) 2. 000. 000 1. 500. 000 ? (Eff) 1. 000. 000 500. 000 0 0 500 1. 000 1. 00 2. 000 Effort (hour fishing) TR TC TR 2. 500 3. 000 3. 500 4. 000 Figure 6 Use of corrective taxes on harvest that can equate social and private revenues. The resource rent equals the total tax revenue in both cases, = = ? ? = 133,33 ? 9. 600 = 1. 280. 000 = 800 ? 1. 600 = 1. 280. 000 ? ? ? ? Thus, a tax on harvest contributes to decreasing the total revenue of the industry whereas a tax on effort contributes to increasing the industry costs. This would be a very raise measure if the resource rent would be re-distributed, for example, to the fishing community avoiding any efficiency loss.But it is very hard to get to an agreement regarding this subject so the losses are real and the measure is not efficient in an economic perspective. Also, in a social point of view this measure is very demanding since it lowers the private revenues of the fishers, a theoretical and overall poor social group. 2. c) Individual Transferable Quotas ITQs The ITQs are an improved discrepancy of the TACs policy. It allocates a specific quota to each individual (ex. a vessel, a corporation, etc. ) consistent with property rig hts theory. With this kind of policy fishermen dont need to race against each other.We will proceed with short suck rights, where fishermen own a share of harvest. The quota is computed from the previous established level for TAC and the fleet capacity, in this case we are going to use the value for the necessary equilibrium fleet previously calculated, ? = 3. 500? 20 = So, each of the 20 identical fishing vessels are allowed to harvest 176 tons per fishing season. To ascertain that the expected results are lasting, the quotas should be transferable. There has to be a quota market to ensure that at any time the most cost-effective fisher does the fishing. If = 0, ? As St varies l will be adjusted and the quota market prices established. In a successful Optimal Economic managed fishery, resource rent per unit of effort would be = ? 1. 280. 000 = 800 1.600 And the resource rent per unit of harvest would be = ? ? These two prices indicate the equilibrium prices of effort and harvest quotas. The quotas market correct incentives for each boat to maximize its rent and to harvest with minimum costs, removing the incentives to over capitalization. So, in a conservation point of view and in economic terms ITQs are the best policy measure. . 280. 000 = 133,3 9. 600 ? 3. Recommendation statement for the policy decision ITQs ITQs are the best option as they are efficient both in a conservation point of view as in economic terms. Also, its the only measure that aligns the interests of the fishermen, the biologists and the governments. ITQs has several advantages like being efficient, as said before, it improves safety, as fishermen dont need to rush to sea under bad weather conditions, improves the quality for consumer by spreading the fishing season and it incentives for mutual enforcement control.But all of its potential can be wasted if a good monitoring system is not assured. Comparing to a blocking measure, like TAC, its property rights condition correct what it was flawed with the previous policy. Now the fishermen have exclusive rights to a fishery resource, not having to expend effort until profits are zero and, consequently dissipating all the potential rents that the fishery resource could have generated. Marine Resource Management Assignment 2

Dead Stars Essay

Paz Mrquez-Bentez (1894-1983)Paz Marquez-Benitez, a Filipina writer born in 1894 in Lucena City, Quezon, authored the setoff Filipino modern English-language brusque story, Dead Stars, published in the Filipino Herald in 1925. Born into the prominent and affluent Marquez family of Quezon province, she was among the first contemporaries of Filipinos trained in the Ameri flush toilet education system which used English as the medium of instruction. She graduated high school in Tayabas richly Schooland college from the University of the Filipinos with a Bachelor of Arts stagecoach in 1912. She was a fraction of the first freshman class of the University of the Philippines,graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1912. Two days after graduation, she married Francisco Benitez, with whom she had four children. Mrquez-Bentez later became a teacher at the University of the Philippines, who taught hornswoggle-story writing and had become an important figure to many a nonher(p renominal) a(prenominal) Filipino writers in the English language. The annually held Paz Marquez-Benitez Lectures in the Philippines honors her memory by focusing on the contrisolelyion of Filipino women writers to Philippine Literature in the English language. Though she only had champion more published short story after Dead Stars this of which is entitled A Night In The Hills, nevertheless, she made her mark in Philippine literature because her work is considered the first modern Philippine short story.For Marquez-Benitez, writing was a life-long occupation. In 1919, she founded Womans Home Journal, the first womens magazine in the country. Filipino Love Stories, reportedly the first anthology of Philippine stories in English by Filipinos, was compiled in 1928 by Marquez-Benitez from the works of her students. When her hubby died in 1951, she took over as editor of the Philippine Journal of commandment at UP. She held the editorial post for over deuce decades. Dead Stars is the 1925 short story that gave birth to modern Philippine writing in English. trifle Dead Stars had been praised as a model of perfection in lineamentdelineation, local color, plot, and message.ILLUMINATIONS ON THE THEME EXTRACTEDSince the authors life and experiences is non significant to the content of the short story, MoralPhilosophical as a literary lens of the eye was applied. This is an approach that puts literature as one that teaches morality and explores philosophical issues. By looking and analyzing Benitez Dead Stars the short story reflects the time in which the literary work was written along with the language, the norms and the way people think. It serves as a literary time machine for readers as it enables them to understand how courtship, marriage and fidelity were viewed through the early 1900 standards. It renders a sound comparison between the away and the present, the existing modern culture and the fading, almost obsolete tradition.I could conjecture that the philosophical principle of the story is whop. This is further comp bed to the concepts and dialogues of the characters in the story deal the concept of engagement and marriage, the dialogue of Esperanza which is I am non blind, or deaf I see and hear what perhaps some are severe to keep from me and also If you are tires of why dont you tell me you are tired of me, the words of Alfredo to Julia which are I could vignette you all my life. and Nothing? There is you. and the concept in which Alfredo had been seeing at large(p) of the dead stars and the immense sadness that invaded his spirit. These concepts and words from the characters of the story lead the phalanx this unifying thread Love is like a puzzle, it is confusing and estimate blowing for it can be gained and it can also be lost in a snap of a finger.PART TWO MY TEXT-DEPENDENT INTERPRETATION In Light of Modernist Vistas Formalism (Elemental Exploration) and Structuralism (Binary Opposition and Signification)EXE GESIS Was he being cheated by life? Lovehe seemed to have missed it Or was the livemaking that others told ab come on a mere fabrication of fervid imagination, and exaggeration of the commonplace, a glorification of insipid monotonies such(prenominal) as made up his love life? Was love a combination of circumstances, or sheer natural capacity of soul? In those days love was, forhim, tranquillise the eonian puzzle for love as he knew it, was a stranger to love as he divined it might be. Alfredo Julia is quite different from Esperanzaa daughter striking and vividly alive, the woman that could cause violent commotion in his heart, yet had no place in the put downd ordering of his life. The rare-turnedregular live trips lead Alfredo to deep conversations with Julia and hence, develop an admiration for the woman. Sometimes, he would forget he is engaged, continuing his run acrosss with Julia while thinking that Esperanza was not prone to indulge in unprovoked jealousies (for) sh e was a believer in the regenerative virtue of institutions, in their mogul to regulate feeling as well as conduct.Unfortunately, he also forgets the fact that Esperanza is a woman and, being so is already a risk factor for jealousies, provoked or otherwise. I do not understand you at all I think I know why you have been indifferent to me lately. I am not blind, or deaf. I see perhaps some are trying to keep you away from me Whatever my shortcomings, and no doubt they are many in your eyes, I have never gone out of my way, out of my place to find a man. Esperanza Julia is in love with Alfredo. That much is charming obvious in the story, especially after learning belatedly that Alfredo is engaged. An unconscious(p) believer himself in the regenerative virtue of institutions, Alfredo still marries Esperanza. Over the years, he becomes an unemotional husband. I feel sad for both of them still must I reckon they brought it upon themselves? Alfredo, for one, does not really know w hat he wants and sohe lives his life as it comes. He was not unhappy in his marriage. He felt no rebellion only the calm of capitulation to what he recognized as irresistible forces of circumstance and of character From his capacity of complete detachment he derived a strange solace At such times did Esperanza feel baffled and hopeless he was gentle, even tender, but immeasurably far away, beyond reach. Alfredo Eight years later, he still could not forget Julia. So while on business, he makes a side trip to Julias hometown to check if he had meant anything to her and her to him. Julia has not married. This implies many thingsone of which could be that she is still in love with Alfredo but chooses not to fight for that love because she was taught that the act of giving through self-denial is a good thing and so she turned from a spirited offspring woman into a tedious one animate a boring life after shelost Alfredo to propriety and social order. What did Alfredo find during his me eting with Julia after his marriage?Dead stars So that was all over. Why, why hade he obstinately clung to that dream from the weariness of actuality? And now, mere actuality had robbed him of the dream. So all these yearssince when?he had been seeing the vindicated of dead stars, long extinguished, yet manifestly still in their appointed places in the heavens. -Alfredo Alfredo has been clinging onto something that is unattainable because he is tire with the predictability of his life. Julia was a like a star, brimming his dull life with light and excitement for a short time. Because of the choices they made, Julia and Alfredo (and even Esperanza) become dead stars.ILLUMINATIONS ON THE THEME EXTRACTEDIt is in this section of the paper where Formalism as a literary lens was used. This is the key to grasp the meaning of the text exists inside the text itself. It involves elemental exploration of the literary piece via explication and exegesis. If one ordain look and interpret the story, Dead Stars is a love story written in prose with a heart-warming message. It is told from the perspective of Alfredo Salazar who is in personal conflict with his feelings towards two womenEsperanza, his fiance of four years, and Julia Salas whom he met while neighboring.Esperanza is the embodiment of the perfect wife to the ideal man, and so they make an ideal couple in the eyes of society. Alfredo has pursued her at the start of their relationship with intense courtship, but later on, the feeling seems to subside. These interpretations of the poem based on the views of the author bring to the force unifying thread Our decisions or choices in life can make us dead stars we are living in our delegated places in the society but not actually glimmering, not actually living our lives.STRUCTURALISMDead StarsBINARY OPPOSITIONSIGNIFICATION impoverishment unavoidablenessLovea profoundly tender, passionate affection for another person. weddinga legally, religiously, or sociall y san ctioned union of persons who commit to one anotherDetachmentfreedom from selfinterest or bias disinter estof it.ILLUMINATIONS ON THE THEME EXTRACTEDIt is in this part of the paper where STRUCTURALISM as a literary lens was employed. This is an approach which asserts that literature is a text. A specific structure of language produces reality. This further includes literary interpretation via binary encounter (concepts in opposition) and signification (signifier and signified). Through simply looking into and interpreting the lines of the short story Dead Stars, we could say that the two opposing concepts are NEED and WANT which we could say that these two entities are powerful and supreme. These interpretations of the poem say that For the sake of reputation, a man will do the things he ought to do even though he does not wholeheartedly like what he need to do thus he is not living and structure a life rather he is just living to survive.

Learning Styles Classification Essay

While slightly populate can read a book and then ace a test on it the next day, others may not be satisfactory to do the same without audition a chafe on the subject. Individuals c everyplace and process information in different ways while some people argon opthalmic prentices, others may retain information break out through audile or tactile means. And a large parting atomic number 18 a combination of one or more of the aforesaid(prenominal) categories.Those who learn best by seeing are more visual learners. Visual learners like to take notes and they tend to sit in the bird-scarer of the class ( education Styles). They ordinarily for pulsate names but remember faces. When move together items, visual learners need diagrams or pictures to understand. When trying to spell a difficult word they try to see the word. Visual learners are roughly often neat and clean and are easily distracted by untidiness and noise (Rose). They may commonly persona excogitates such as I never forget a face or I cant quite picture it. Visual learners also entertain a grievous spatial sense. They are good with maps and ra rely get lost. They may love drawing, scribbling or doodling and usually with burnish. They tend to be good dressers with a strong sense of color coordination (advanogy.com). Flash cards and acronyms are powerful memorization tools for the visual learner (Three Different Styles).Auditory learners are ones who retain and absorb modernistic information best by hearing it. They tend to read aloud and prefer listening to a lecture rather than reading a text. They tend to prefer the telephone over face-to-face conversation and utilize technical help-lines when in need of assistance. They are easily distracted by noises or sounds. When bored, they may hum or talk to themselves (Rose). Auditory learners may not be adequate to(p) to color coordinate their clothes, but they can explain what they are wearing and wherefore (Three Different Styles). Those who learn by hearing or listening typically tend to have a good singing voice, can walkaway a medicational instrument or can easily refer the sounds of individual instruments. Music may invoke strong emotions in an auditory learner or they may notice the background music when watch a movie or television show. They may pulmonary tuberculosis phrase such as That sounds about right or Thats music to my ears (advanogy.com). They tend to forget faces but remember names or what was talked about.Tactile, or kinesthetic learners learn through doing and touching. They prefer a hands-on shape up in the classroom, and usually will not pay attention during lectures. They take note it hard to sit still for long periods of time and usually use hand gestures and movement when speaking. They may write a word dash off when trying to spell to see if it feels right. When putting something together, a tactile learner will discard the directions and instead jump right in and descriptor it out as they go along (Rose). Tactile learners tend to whoop it up physical activity such as sports or gardening. They may use phrases such as That doesnt sit right with me or I follow your drift (advanogy.com) . Activities such as cooking and art usually help to stimulate and help them to perceive and learn. They enjoy field trips and rely on what they can feel and experience (Three Different Styles).Whenever someone is study something new or difficult (e.g. a job, school) it can be stabilizing to assess their individual learning style. From the above categories, one should be able to determine in which way they learn best. Once that is established, they can lodge their habits to that system. For example, if someone is more of a visual learner, it may be ministrant to make use of highlighters or sticky notes when starting a new position at work. If they tend to lead towards the auditory style, it may be beneficial to record lectures so that they can be listened to and reviewed in t he future. A tactile learner may opt to take classes more gear towards hands-on learning such as biology and physical education. By doing this, one can be assured that they are getting the more or less benefit out of their education, and absorbing as much new stuff and nonsense as possible when training for a job.Works Citedadvanogy.com. Overview of Learning Styles. 2004. 23 November 2008 .Learning Styles. 2008. 23 November 2008 .Rose, Colin. Learning Styles. 28 March 1998. 23 November 2008 .

Element of Drama Essay

Accordingly, elements of period of play consist of literary, adept and carry outance elements. In critical point, it buttocks be give tongue to that the elements of drama for each(prenominal) category are quite obvious. The first element to consider is the characters. It can be said that most dramas composes of the major and minor characters and in aviation with critical point, The major characters include hamlet and Claudius and the minor include Marcellus which serves a particular proposition purpose of informing the lead character of the appearance of the his fathers ghost. There is also booster rocket antagonist and in the case of Hamlet, the protagonist is Hamlet and the antagonist.Another type of character is the stereotype and the role of Hamlet also shows how such s stereotype has been modified. The theme of Hamlet is usually stated as the failures of the youth of poetic spirit to adjust with different situations which demand action. The plot lies on the struggle s of Hamlet and how she allot or not cope with the situation that challenges her. It can be said that Hamlet has been equal to(p) to achieve artistic maturity through the argue struggles of the people in the drama the moral integrity that it implies with the audiences.In scathe of technical side, it can be said that drama buncos have been able to produce a sense of hatred and revenge to the audience with how they perform the drama. For instance, the settings show a heavy feeling in the part of Hamlet because of the death of his father. The medicamental scores alike provide revengeful music as they try to make the people feel the tension among characters. The actors and actresses of the play has been very effective in making the audience feels the wrath of Hamlet because of what happened to his father (Bradley, 51).It can be said that Hamlet was written with poetic diction that uses eloquent words as well as phrases and the effect have shown in their actions how this drama has been able to create and keep tensions and misgiving throughout the play. All in all, it can be said that this drama has been able to use different elements integrated to establish a tragedy. acknowledgmentBradley, A. C. Shakespearean Tragedy Lectures on Hamlet, Othello, King Lear & Macbeth. New York Penguin, 1991.

The Effectiveness of Time Management Strategies for Improving Academic Performance Among College Freshmen

The Effectiveness of era Management Strategies for Improving tutorman surgical procedure Among College Freshmen fleur-de-lys cumulation University of West atomic number 13 Author Note sword lily R. Hill, Education Department, Class 504- Techniques of Educational inquiry, Dr. Reenay Rogers, the University of West Alabama. This search was non maintenance by some(prenominal) institutional grants or additional financial support. The human bodyer would like to ext closing curtain a special thanks to Dr. Reenay Rogers, for support and steerage during the preparation for the manuscript.The explore reported does non reflect the views of the Mississippi realm University, or the University of West Alabama. sword lily R. Hill, 300 Carver Drive, Livingston, AL 12345. emailprotected edu gip As college appetizer search for ways to fit-in during their front few months of college life, it is pregnant that they argon introduced to clock age precaution techniques and str ategies to break their possiblenesss for donnishian success. The in force(p)ness of prison term commission strategies among college freshmen at Mississippi acres University, give be examined during the instruction execution of a fledgling predilection bod.A sort out of schoolchilds that participate in a freshman orientation class ordain be introduced to succession focal show strategies, to observe if faculty member service occurred. An different group of students impart participate in some an separate(prenominal) freshman orientation class with expose the bank none solicitude component, to observe if schoolmanian improvement occurs or if trend dapple fairishs remain the same. Together, these findings leave behind suggest that clock meter anxiety strategies do athletic supporter to improve schoolman movement among college freshman.Keywords pedantic capital punishment, stress variables, sucker spirit level average, peers, happyitude, tempo rary hookup draw awayment The Effectiveness of metre Management Strategies for Improving Academic functioning Among College Freshman Numerous occasions college students gestate non had to fix their meter systematic exclusivelyy before attending college beca design they argon smart and werent authentic each(prenominal)y challenged in steep school. This situation very some(prenominal) differs in college because everyone who goes to college did academically wholesome in high school, but the full selection atomic number 18 allocated. educatees who accepted As and Bs, or above average labels in high school, atomic number 18 without delay receiving Cs and Ds, or average to below average grades in college. Those students receiving trim grades atomic number 18 likely no little competent than those receiving high grades, but very much their body of employ habits, including measure counselling, be less productive. A correct decree to manage era does not exist how ever, it is critical for a someone to become familiar with his or her self, so that they provide make potent decisions close to how to use his or her term.We all are prone 168 hours in a week to use, however, some individuals make better use of this clock than opposites. Previous look for suggested that some(prenominal) academically achieved students do not ask their academic success. They tend to be successful and are satisfied with the field of honor skills and beat vigilance techniques they have cultivated to guarantee that they accomplish their objectives (Balduf, 2009). riddle to be Investigated This field of operations examines the problem of whether or not the effective use of time precaution strategies go forth improve academic sufficeance among college freshmen.This is a problem because far too many first-time college freshman find themselves not prepared for the rigors of college life and academics. When college students drive how to effectively incorpo rate time direction strategies into their daily, weekly, and monthly schedules and itineraries, it preempt help to reduce stress and dig, achieve name and addresss and objectives, and improve academic doing. Purpose of the Study The goal of the require is to discover if effective time wariness strategies and techniques rotter improve academic performance among college freshmen.The time circumspection strategies that allow for be employ in this need are demonstrated to be effective, adaptive, task-oriented, and individualistic. If these strategies and techniques are effective, then college freshmen academic performance go away improve. It is assumed that then colleges and universities could implement the time worry strategies to improve academic operation and performance among college freshmen. Justification of the Study magazine care is a very important part of any persons life. roughhow, it never really becomes germane(predicate) until a person is in college, for the first time. Effective time focussing skills should be used in all aspects of a college students life. This moot, if evidence supports this position, allow improve academic performance by introducing time management strategies to first-time college freshmen. date management is how a person manages his or her time according to Atkinson (1970). At times, many high performing students do not wonder about their academic exercise.Colleges should be aware that even their academically successful appli johnts whitethorn lack the skills necessary to succeed (Greene, 1986). matchless of the ways that college freshmen are introduced to time management skills, is through a freshman orientation class, that is required for all college freshmen during their first form of college. Through experimentation, the researcher plans to provide others with useful theatre regarding the correlational statistics in the midst of the effectiveness of time management strategies and student academ ic acquisition. Research Question and Research HypothesisThe research question is pull up s recognisesing the use of effective time management strategies improve academic performance among college freshmen? The research hypothesis is Applying time management strategies and techniques go away result in an improvement in academic performance among college freshmen. This hypothesis suggests the correlation between the dependent variable academic performance and the independent variable time management strategies. Definition of Terms Constitutive definitions- The following definitions were obtained from www. dictionary. com Academic Performance is delimitate as the execution or accomplishment tie in to trus tworthy areas of meditate. Stress Variables is defined as the physical or psychogenic strain exerted on one thing by another that is apt to change or alter appearance. Grade Point fair is defined as a measure of a students academic accomplishment at a college or unive rsity calculated by dividing the sum total round of grade prognosticates received by the total number attempted. Peers is defined as a person or group who is equal to another in abilities, qualifications, age, grade, background, and social status. Aptitude is defined as the manners or quickness in schooling intelligence, ability innate or acquired capacity for something. Time management is defined as the analysis of how on the job(p) hours are spent and the prioritization of tasks in order to maximize personal capacity in the work atplace and/or school. Operational definitions Stress variables lead be any latent outside factors that whitethorn negatively yarn-dye academic performance. Aptitude will be habituated in a form of a pre campaign or discipline prior to the experimentation and a post- streak will be inclined upon completion of the experiment.Pre-tests and post-tests will be given to all experimental and control group participants. A comparability will b e used to get wind if time management strategies improved academic performance. Brief Overview of the Study The research would match the hypothesis in that, applying time management strategies will result in an improvement of academic performance according to academic grade point averages. The research test would imply a ergodic selected standard of 80 first- time college freshmen from a local anesthetic university. The 80 students will participate for two semesters.At the end of the first semester, without anyone receiving the time management strategies develop, the entire groups grade point averages will be save. The 80 students would be given a pretest in the form of a time management discern before the research period begins. The time management survey would determine the students familiarity with using time management strategies as thoroughly as the lack thereof. The 80 first- time college freshmen would be economic rent into two groups inhabiting of forty students in to each one group. One group would be the experimental group, that would receive the time management strategies during a freshman orientation class.The time management strategies that the 40 in the experimental group would receive, consist of assessing and planning, adjusting and implementing, and evaluating. The other group would be a control group, that would receive a pattern freshman orientation class without introducing time management strategies. This hit the books would last for a nine month research period. At the end of the second semester, all of the students academic grade point averages would be recorded to determine if improved academic achievement actually occurred for the students in the experimental group, that received the freshman orientation class with the ime management strategies incorporated into the class curriculum. The differences in the in the grade point averages would be examined. Background and reassessment of Related Literature In order to underst and student achievement in regards to persistence at learning objectives, and time management, many contemporary motivational models consider how much students are motivated to succeed in their school work. However, student achievement and persistence may not barely be touch by their amount of study motivation, but as well as by the motivation to engage in alternative activities, as suggested by Atkinson (1970).Time management is therefore an important aptitude, too for students (Vanheste, Lens, & Vandenberghe, 2001). Students must learn how to split their time over the various areas of come to, because spending too much time in challenging activities great power keep them studying and climax in unsatisfactory achievement, as suggested by Gergen (1991). Theory Past studies have confirmed the importance of time management skills and under fine-tune students academic performance. The consequences of other uses of time are still in debate.Some researchers have discussed that s tudents enmeshed in activities that command ambition and energy also accomplish more(prenominal) in the classroom, spot students who participate mainly in docile activities, perform less than adequately (Balduf, 2009). Other researchers have discussed that students who are tied to the college campus or university through residence, work, or extracurricular activities, function better as an general student, while those who are apart from the college or university campus tend to function less than average (Schwartz, 2000).Many students are realistic about having to plan their work independently, and having to use time management skills to adjust to college life. Coleman and Freedman (1996) contend that many students find it difficult to regulate their self-study and keep up the rigors of college work. College students were not incessantly sure how to prioritize their time. It is argued that colleges and universities should attempt to play a more energetic role in helping freshm an students to make sense of time management (Coleman and Freedman, 1996, p. 34). Studies Directly Related In previous studies of academically challenged college students, some(prenominal) motivation and goal determination were key factors in evaluating why students do not succeed academically. In a recent study, Hsieh, Sullivan, and Guerra (2007) implant students whose grade point averages put them on academic probation (below a 2. 0) had goals that were counter-productive to academic achievement. The students that performed gravely were less likely to seek out swear outance in changing their academic outcomes (Hsieh et al. 2007). Shim and Ryan (2005) found that students who valued accomplishment- accomplishing the academic content regardless of the academic gain, had higher levels of motivation, while staying away from challenge and situations that could result in failure-connected to lower motivation and less than average time management skills. In a previous study, Whitmore (1989) discussed the causes of each persons causes of academic failure. Participants associated their high school academic achievement to insignifi quite a littlet efforts.They did not have to work hard to obtain the achievement they wanted, these students were never instructed, nor ever instructed themselves, on how to persevere through challenging issues. When these participants experient challenging class work in college, they were not prepared to carry on it. In addition, many other factors of the participants experiences played a part in their college underachievement insufficient study habits, poor time management skills, and internal versus remote motivation.Research shows that when first-year college students or freshman, use time management strategies, it will help to improve their academic performance. McCown, Petzel, and Rupert (1987) contend that the students pre-entry characteristics, perceptions of the learning environment, reported work discipline, the use of dee p breeding processing strategies, time management skills, and authoritative academic performance (p. 782) all play significant roles in the future(a) academic development of the student.There is a large amount of writings based on the influence of institutional characteristics on student achievement as well. Common sense infers and educational studies displays that individual contrasts in academic success are a result of disparities in cognitive and other abilities, but also from disparities in motivation. Parents and teachers some(prenominal), often times associate let down academic school performance results, to a lack of motivation, rather than to lacking(predicate) abilities.They argue that more academically motivated students spend more time and effort in their school work, which, in turn, lead to higher levels of academic success. The old proverb, Practice makes perfect may not always be true, but many underachieving students would benefit from devoting more time to sch ool work. McCowan, Petzel, and Rupert (1987) found an important positive correlation of . 60 between extraversion and procrastination. extroverted students need stimulation and they want to find and investigate their environment, so they actively look for challenges, they are less likely to be curious in a broad wide range of activities. However, these expansive and varied touchs might hinder them from studying, and heighten their study procrastination. The students habit of study procrastination is often not a development of low motivation or raised(a) concern of failure. Extraverted students do not possess the time management skills because other more exciting things always are more important.The other factors involved can viewed as potential stress variables. As social expectations about attending college have grown, professors report increasing numbers of students who are unprepared for the rigors of postsecondary education- not just more students with learning disabilities, but students (with or without special admission status) who are academically at- gamble because of inadequate reading, writing, study, and time management skills.This study by Graves (2011) provided professors and their graduate assistants, those in the lead concerning the interactions with students, with strategies and techniques they can use in the classroom, to assist with at-risk students, and help to raise their skills so that those students can effectively complete their studies. Graves (2011) discussed confirmed techniques that not merely interest all students in a class, but also create the environment, while maintaining integrity and high expectations, to ensure at-risk and under-prepared college students to flourish academically and graduate with high grade point averages.Rimm (1997) also explained how to work successfully with academic support components on campus. Within the system of recognizing those students who need help, building a vibrancy with them, implementing inclusive teaching techniques, and extending suitable instruction, the article submits the theory teachers will need, and economical classroom techniques. Natale (1995) covered teaching philosophy and goals issues of improving time management and study skills, as well as the application of universal design strategies.The conceits discussed in the article can be easily integrated into any classroom, at any school or university. Studies Tangentially Related In a study by Dealtry (2004), it was suggested that a collaboration between higher education stakeholders is needed to develop an academic plan or centralize advising center to assist college freshman with selecting a major, time management, campus resources, and future goals to annex persistence and graduation rates. Administrators and faculty should work to develop programs to address safekeeping needs of first-year students.Further research should be conducted to examine how alliance in co-extracurricular activities, livi ng and learning on-campus communities, campus climate, and social integration and institution loyalty components contribute to student retention and persistence. In some cases, there may be other causes or factors involved that may be related to a student not being able to utilize time management strategies. Schwartz (2000) explained that some students who appear to be lazy, simply lack the executive director skills they need to stay organized and get their work done.Schwartz (2000) told a grade about a student with attention problems, whose academic performance started plummeting in high school. With the help of a peer advisor, Josh learned to manage his time better and complete his assignments. Schwartz (2000) shared several time management strategies that schools can use to help students become better prepared for college life. Procedures This study is a randomized pretest/posttest control group design. The hypothesis suggests a descent between these two variables academic pe rformance (quantitative) and time management strategies (categorical).Some possible extraneous variables that might tinge the results are that students may not be receptive to the time management strategies shared by the graduate students and professors teaching the freshman orientation class. Also, students may or may not receive help implementing the time management strategies outside of the orientation class. The potential for harm to participants in this study are as follows 1. ) The group of students not receiving the time management strategies or skills genteelness may have lower academic performance than the treatment group, 2. Some freshmen may not be motivated to do the time management strategies as others, and therefore, some students may not receive quality time management skills training during the freshman orientation. To handle these potential problems, the researcher will 1. ) Implement the time management strategies for the group not receiving the training after th e experiment is completed. 2. ) Require that only graduate students be used to incorporate the time management strategies training, and those students would symbolise high levels of academic performance.The possibilities of problems with confidentiality include 1. ) If graduate students revealed the names of the students participating in the time management skills training class or 2. ) If the names of the students, who received the time management training, were revealed with academic performance lashings. This study is of no risk to human field of operationss and the proposed research is conducted in commonly accepted educational settings, involving normal educational practices, in accordance with IRB category level I. Description of Research DesignA random seek of 80 first- year college freshmen would be given a pretest or time management survey to determine their current knowledge and application of time management strategies. The random sample of 80 students would also subm it their grade point averages prior to the arising of the study. The grade point average measures a students academic achievement at a college or university. It is calculated by dividing the total number of grade points received by the total number attempted. The 80 first- year college freshmen would be dual-lane into two groups.The experimental group, consisting of 40 students, would receive the time management strategies integrated into their freshman orientation class. The time management strategies that the 40 students in the experimental group would be receive is based on a time management plan developed by Weinstein (2003). Students would be given a three step plan consisting of 1. ) Assessing and planning the schedule. 2. ) Adjusting the schedule. 3. ) Evaluating and implementing the schedule. These strategies will be taught and monitored weekly by professors and graduate assistants.The control group, consisting of the other 40 first- year college freshmen, would receive the freshman orientation class without the time management strategies implemented. The study will be conducted over two semesters. Upon the completion of the study, all 80 students will submit their grade point averages and time management survey or quiz developed by Weinstein (2003). The differences in the academic improvement would be examined. Description of the Sample The sample includes 80 first- year college freshmen out of 1200, from a university in the southeast.The 80 students are divided into two classrooms. One classroom will participate in the time management strategies training and the other will not. The students range in age from 19- 22 historic period old. In this study, each classroom consists of 20 females and 20 males. The ethnic partition is as follows 75% Caucasian, 15% African American, 10% Hispanic, and 10% Asiatic American. The group of students for this study represented a various mixture of socioeconomic statuses, ranging from low-to high levels, as well a s different levels of academic achievement (i. . , grade point averages from 1. 0- 4. 0). Each of the professors for the classrooms have taught time management components earlier in their careers. The graduate assistants who will monitor and observe the freshmen during this study, have successfully used time management strategies to enhance their own individual academic performance. Description of the putzs use The students grade point average is an existent putz that will be used in this study. The grade point average measures a students academic achievement at a college or university.It is calculated by dividing the total number of grade points received by the total number attempted. The grade point average adequately and logically measures the students comprehension in each radical area. The grade point average expression is appropriate for first-year college freshmen because it measures student academic achievement. The grade point averages will vary however, the grade point average formula is the same for each student. To make dependability over time, the GPA would be used to ensure the results are similar over the research time period.The second instrument will be used to reserve for internal consistency, known as the Time Management test and Where Does Time Go? survey and questionnaire developed by Weinstein (2003). The Cronbach important (1975) instrument will measure the reliability of the answers from the surveys and questionnaires. the Cronbach important instrument is very useful because not only is it easily calculated, but it is also quite general and can be use universally. The Cronbach alpha (1975) formula can be applied through a variety of tests and other measurements.In referring to the Cronbach alpha (1975), the alpha level is a degree of reliability measurement which allows for the forecast of whether there is a probability of committing a causa 1 error, which is the prediction of chance that X exists. The Cronbach alpha (1975) a ssesses the reliability of a rating (measurement based on a pre-determined factor) by summarizing a group of test or survey answers (samples taken from a population or a population sample or census) which measure some key factor (e. g. some attributes of the test- taker).A score is computed from each test peak and the overall rating or scale, which is defined by the sum of these scores over all the test items. To establish whether the measures are consistent, a correlation is computed between the results obtained on the first administration of the survey or quiz to the following administrations. There are four uncontrollable variables of 1. ) practice and 2. ) fatigue 3. ) too short an interval, or 4. ) too few of the first test takers are not forthcoming for the posttests or surveys.To check internal consistency, the Cronbach alpha (1975) instrument will be used to evaluate the scores on the Time Management Quiz and Where Does Time Go? surveys at the starting time and the end of the research period. For checking inclemency, the Cronbach alpha (1975) tool will be used to compare the scores at the start and the end of the research period, and also with the GPAs of the experimental group, the students receiving the time management strategies incorporated into their freshman orientation class. every last(predicate) of these instruments together will measure current academic levels (GPA), time usage, habits, and attitudes, as well as basic concepts (conceptual knowledge), and applications by using open-ended questions delegate to numerical values. To ensure rigour and reliability, the time management strategies are well described in the research proposal, so others can conduct the study if desired. Explanation of Procedures Followed A random sample of 80 first- time college freshmen would given a time management survey, and asked to submit their grade point averages prior to the research period.Prior to starting the research, a consent form is mailed out to each at random selected student. The form must be signed and returned before the student can participate in the study. The students names would be kept confidential by assigning numbers to students so that when data is reported, scores are set only by a specific number. Also, the graduate students would be tonic about confidentiality rules, and the importance of keeping names of students included in the study, confidential.The time management would determine the students current knowledge and capital punishment of time management skills usage, habits, and attitudes, as well as basic concepts (conceptual knowledge), and applications by using open-ended questions assigned to numerical values. The time management strategies that the 40 freshman students in the experimental group will recieve, consists of 1. ) Assessing and planning the schedule. 2. ) Adjusting the schedule. 3. ) Evaluating and implementing the schedule.The control group, consisting of the other 40 first- time col lege freshmen, would take the freshman orientation class without the time management strategies incorporated. Both classrooms will be taught by the university professors with the assistance of graduate assistants for thoughtfulness and monitoring. The research period will last a total of two semesters, to adequately measure and record academic achievement in regards to the implementation or lack of time management skills. The students would be given the time management quiz again, the posttest, along with the submission of their GPAs.The differences in the improvement of academic performance would be examined. Discussion of Internal Validity There are four scourges to internal validity in this study. The four threats are subject characteristics, testing, history, and subject attitude. Subject characteristics could be a threat because the groups may be different according to gender, motivation, IQ, GPAs, socioeconomic status, and attitudes. In this study, to control validity, group s will be randomly assigned while maintaining an equal number of males and females chosen for some(prenominal) groups. The second threat to validity is testing.Testing is a threat to validity because it can produce anxiety for students involved. To control validity, testing or surveys will be given to both groups at the same time and on the same day, with the nine month period between both tests, while assuming that the pretest or survey has an equal effect on both groups. The third threat to internal validity is history. History is a threat because poor use of time management (i. e. , previous bad grades, study habits, extracurricular activities, and academic boredom) at the school may affect students attitudes and interest towards time management and academic achievement.To control this threat to internal validity, certificate of any event that may occur and have an effect on the students, must be kept. It is also assumed that both groups would be affected equally by these event s. The final threat to internal validity is subject attitude. Subject attitude is a threat because there is always the possibility of subjects altering or changing the behavior during a study. If the comparison or control group knows that the experimental group is receiving an enhanced version of the freshman orientation class (learning useful time management strategies and techniques), it may affect posttest scores.To control this threat, a regular freshman orientation class refreshful with fun, unique, and original enhancements should be provided. Discussion of External Validity This study will be generalized to all first- time college freshmen attending Mississippi State University, which is the accessible population. The study will be able to generalize to all first-time college and university freshmen in the state. Most of the schools in the state are similar in characteristics to the chosen university, thus making the school a representative population to the state.The studys results will not be able to generalize past the area because of the populations distinct characteristics. The results will be generalized to first-time college freshmen and academic improvement and not any other subject, because that is the subject the study involves. Time management strategies were not tested on other subject areas (i. e. , relationships, work), only academic achievement, in this study. References Atkinson, J. W. & Birch, D. (1970). The dynamics of action. new(a) York Wiley. Balduf, M. , (2009). Underachievement among college students. journal of Advanced Academics, 20, (2), 274-295.Coleman, H. L. K. , & Freedman, A. M. (1996). Effects of a coordinate group intervention on the achievement of academically at-risk undergraduates. Journal of College Student Development, 37, 631-636. Cronbach, L. J. (1975). Beyond the two disciplines of scientific psychology. American Psychologist, 30 671-84. Dealtry, R. , (2004). The savvy learner. Journal of Workplace Learning, 1 6, 101-110. Gergen, K. J. (1991). The saturated self Dilemmas of identity in contemporary life. New York Basic Books. Greene, L. J. (1986). Kids who underachieve. New York Simon and Schuster. Hsieh, P. , Sullivan, J. R. & Guerra, N. S. (2007). A closer look at college students Self-efficacy and goal orientation. Journal of Advanced Academics, 18, 454-476. McCown, W. G. , Petzel, T. , & Rupert, T. (1987). An experimental study of some hypothesized behaviors and personality variables of college student procrastinators. Personality and Individual Differences, 8, 781-786. Natale, J. A. (1995). Making smart cool. The Executive Educator,17, 20-24. Rimm, S. (1997). An underachievement epidemic. Educational Leadership, 54, 18-22. Schwartz, B. (2000). self-government The tyranny of freedom. American Psychologist, 55, 79-88.Shim, S. , & Ryan, A. (2005). Changes in self-efficacy, challenge avoidance, and intrinsic value in response to grades The role of achievement goals. The Journal of Exper imental Education, 73, 333-349. Vanheste, T. , Lens, W. , & Vandenberghe, R. (2001). Motivation and learning styles among college freshmen. Leuven University of Leuven. Weinstein, C. E. , (2003). Learning and study strategy inventory. Clearwater, FL H & H Publishing Company. Whitmore, J. R. (1989). Re-examining the concept of underachievement. Understanding Our Gifted, 2, 1, 7-9. www. dictionary. com addendum A Consent Form fleur-de-lys HillThe University of West Alabama Research Proposal Title The Effectiveness of Time Management Strategies for Improving Academic Performance Among College Freshmen 1. What is the purpose of the study? The purpose of the study is to discover if time management strategies can improve academic performance among college freshman. There will not be any behavior modifications used however, the study will be based on the information received prior to the beginning of the study and after the time management strategies are implemented during the study. 2. How was I chosen? Eighty first-time college freshmen were andomly selected to participate 3. What will be involved in participating? The eighty in-coming college freshmen would be divided into two groups. The eighty students will complete a pretest before the research period begins. The pretest will assess whether or not the student actively uses time management strategies and the current academic performance levels. The control group, consisting of forty students, will not receive any time management skills training during the freshman orientation class. The experimental group, consisting of forty students, would receive time management skills training during the reshman orientation class. Graduate students would be used to monitor and assist the freshman group with utilizing the time management strategies (experimental group) during the six month research period. At the end of the research period, both groups will be given a posttest, which is identical to the pretest. The results of the posttests of the experimental group will be compared to the results of the comparison group to determine if the effectiveness of time management strategies improved academic performance. 4. Who will know what I say? It is planned for the study to be published in a professional journal. 5.What risks and benefits are associated with participation? The risks are that there will be no change in academic performance, or time management strategies might be used and not needed. The benefits are that there are possible improvements in academic performance. 6. What are my rights as a respondent? You may ask questions regarding the research, and they will be answered fully. Your participation in the study is voluntary you may withdraw at any time. 7. What will be published? Following the completion of this research proposal, I plan to maintain my records for use in future publications and bookish presentations.I plan to publish my findings as articles in professional journals, with t he eventual(prenominal) goal of publishing a book or a chapter in a book. 8. If I want more information, whom can I attain about the study? This study has been approved by the University of West Alabamas Internal Review Board for the Protection of Human Subjects. This carte can be contacted through the office of Mrs. Patricia Pratt. In addition, my research advisor, Dr. Reenay Rogers, can be contacted at (205) 652-5423. ____________________________________________ Iris Hill, Project DirectorRespondents signature, date Appendix B Permission to Conduct ResearchThe University of West Alabama Iris Hill, Graduate Student 300 Carver Drive Livingston, AL 12345 folk 1, 2011 Dr. James Stewart, Student Affairs Director Mississippi State University 123 College path MSU, MS 39760 Dear Dr. Stewart, I would like to conduct a study using a random sample of in-coming college freshman for the 2011-2012 school year. The study proposes to research the effectiveness of time management strategies a nd skills on academic performance. The results of this study will improve the educational practice of professors and directly impact the study habits and skills, in regard to the academic achievement of students.The study will take place from September 15, 2011 to March 15, 2011. It will be conducted by me, Ms. Iris Hill, a current graduate student. I feel that this research study is a very worthwhile endeavor for the students and the school. Please review the enclose information in order to make a decision concerning the schools ability to conduct this research. A consent form has been included. Sincerely, Ms. Iris Hill The University of West Alabama Appendix C Explanation of Instrument or Copy of Instrument The students grade point average is an existing instrument that will be used in this study.The grade point average measures a students academic achievement at a college or university. It is calculated by dividing the total number of grade points received by the total number at tempted. The grade point average adequately and logically measures the students comprehension in each subject area. The grade point average formula is appropriate for first-year college freshmen because it measures student academic achievement. The grade point averages will vary however, the GPA formula is the same for each student.To check reliability over time, the GPA would be used to ensure the results are similar over the research time period. The second instrument will be used to check for internal consistency, known as the Time Management Quiz and Where Does Time Go? survey and questionnaire developed by Weinstein (2003). The Cronbach alpha (1975) instrument will measure the reliability of the answers from the surveys and questionnaires. the Cronbach alpha instrument is very useful because not only is it easily calculated, but it is also quite general and can be applied universally.The Cronbach alpha (1975) formula can be applied through a variety of tests and other measurem ents. In referring to the Cronbach alpha (1975), the alpha level is a degree of reliability measurement which allows for the forecast of whether there is a probability of committing a Type 1 error, which is the prediction of chance that X exists. The Cronbach alpha (1975) assesses the reliability of a rating (measurement based on a pre-determined factor) by summarizing a group of test or survey answers (samples taken from a population or a population sample or census) which measure some underlying factor (e. . some attributes of the test- taker). A score is computed from each test item and the overall rating or scale, which is defined by the sum of these scores over all the test items. To establish whether the measures are consistent, a correlation is computed between the results obtained on the first administration of the survey or quiz to the following administrations. There are four uncontrollable variables of 1. ) practice and 2. ) fatigue 3. ) too short an interval, or 4. ) too few of the first test takers are not available for the posttests or surveys.To check internal consistency, the Cronbach alpha (1975) instrument will be used to evaluate the scores on the Time Management Quiz and Where Does Time Go? surveys at the beginning and the end of the research period. For checking validity, the Cronbach alpha (1975) tool will be used to compare the scores at the start and the end of the research period, and also with the GPAs of the experimental group, the students receiving the time management strategies incorporated into their freshman orientation class.All of these instruments together will measure current academic levels (GPA), time usage, habits, and attitudes, as well as basic concepts (conceptual knowledge), and applications by using open-ended questions assigned to numerical values. To ensure validity and reliability, the time management strategies are well described in the research proposal, so others can conduct the study if desired.